Biography of Andrew Warhol Essay -- Papers

Biography of Andrew Warhol Born Andrew Warhol on August 6, 1928 (some sources say 1927), in Forest City, Pennsylvania, the son of a construction worker and miner from Czechoslovakia. He attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh from 1945-1949, receiving a bachelor of fine arts degree in pictorial design. Warhol liked to shroud himself in mystery. I never give my background, and anyway, I make it all up differently every time Im asked, he said. His exact birth date and place tho add to this mystery. Warhol provided no information on the matter, so any definitive statement is subject to question. In 1949 Warhol arrived in New York City, where he made a meager living in advertising display work. He took some of his drawings to Glamour magazine and received a commission to make drawings of shoes. These were published and respect he then worked for a shoe chain. In 1957 a shoe advertisement brought him the Art Directors Club Medal. His work appeared in Vogue and Harpers Bazaar magazines, and in 1959 he exhibited his gold shoe drawings in a New York City thorninessery. In 1960 Warhol began painting pictures with no commercial market in mind. He did a series on comic strips such as Dick Tracy, Popeye, Superman and the Little King. His paintings of Coca Cola bottles and Campbell soup cans, arranged in seemingly sempiternal rows, were ridiculed when they were first shown. He created paintings of money and... ...ed subjects with great popular imagery and treated the symbol and image as much as he does the real purpose itself. As a social commentator (a role he denied), Warhol had the uncanny ability to mirror the trends and fads of his time. Recognizing the elements of an urban citizenry society heavily influenced by symbols, images, and the mass media, he made those symbols and images the subjects of his art. For Warhol and other Pop artists, these images have taken on a reality of their own. They were not only shaped by but also reshaped popular culture. Warhol left social and cultural historians visual documents of the significant elements from Americas consumerist society of the postwar era--an important legacy. Warhol died of heart failure hours after under going gall bladder surgery on February 22, 1987, in New York City.

Direct and Alternating Current :: essays research papers

All useful generators of electricity come in two basic forms, alternating on-going and direct reliable. Direct current (dc) comes from generators that do not change in polarity, always producing a positive charge. In alternating current (ac) the polarity of the terminals is always changing from positive to negative. Thus you atomic number 18 left with alternating current flow. on that point ar different ways of measuring and generating alternating and direct current. Direct current only flows in 1 direction in a circuit. Because the polarity of a direct current voltage source is always the same the flow of current never changes direction. Batteries are one of the more common direct current voltage sources. Batteries are good because their voltage is fixed as well as their polarity. Direct current dose not always need to a constant voltage but it must always stay traveling in the same direction. There are such direct currents called varying and pulsating that change value but n ot direction.Alternating current is always changing in direction and amplitude. The current flow in alternating current changes in even intervals. Ac usually changes in power and direction. The vast majority of power supplied for households and big barter is alternating current. This is because of the ease of generating alternating current in alternators. The main concept of alternators is moving a conductor through magnetic lines. The change in the magnetic field around the conductor or vice versa makes electrons move. When you have physically moved either the conductor or magnet in a flesh out 306-degree circle you have produced one sine fly high or one complete cycle. The amount of time it takes to complete one cycle is referred to as a period. The frequency of an alternating sine wave is the amount of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in hertz. One hertz is equivalent to one cycle per second. The frequency orgasm out of your electrical plug at home is 60 Hz. The peak value in a sine wave is the top voltage direct away from zero. The peak-to-peak voltage value is referring to difference between the positive peaks value to the negative peak value. The effective or rms value of a sine wave is the actual amount you would use or measure using a multi-meter. In three-phase alternating current there are three different coils or conductors that produce three different sine waves.

Afraid to know the truth Essay -- essays research papers fc

Afraid to Know the Truth back up is an extraordinary agreeable of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite increased funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treatment, the assist epidemic continues to outpace the spheric response. No region of the world has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO orbicular overview of the AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus epidemic has reported in the year 2003, almost five trillion people became newly infected with human immunodeficiency virus, the greatest number in every one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number increased from 35 one meg jillion million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year almost 3 million people have died of AIDS over 20 million have died si nce the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5).According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are unaware of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvious fact that this is a growing paradox which continues to acquire worse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national line of work, but just as s puff up up as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half of all new infections of HIV worldwide much than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I be put in very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal disease are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this disease for the remainder of their lives. heretofore thou gh there are many types of treatment for those infected with this disease and with treatment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot time-consuming than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact still remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to ejaculate into play to make a significant difference in slowing down or possibly stopping this epidemic is prevention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the truth appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing said the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest tint in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even bigger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become to a greater extent aware of the risks and must become to a greater extent than responsible in protecting themselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is spring upting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are said in getting tested commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, cunning is Beautiful. WORKS CITED1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Report on AIDS epidemic 2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. nonobjective 11.3.) http//www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=254.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http//www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm Afraid to know the truth Essay -- essays research papers fc Afraid to Know the Truth AIDS is an extraordinary sort of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite increased funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treat ment, the AIDS epidemic continues to outpace the global response. No region of the world has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO global overview of the AIDS/HIV epidemic has reported in the year 2003, almost five million people became newly infected with HIV, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number increased from 35 million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year almost 3 million people have died of AIDS over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5).According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are unaware of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvi ous fact that this is a growing problem which continues to get worse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national problem, but just as well as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half of all new infections of HIV worldwide more than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I become very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal disease are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this disease for the remainder of their lives. horizontal though there are many types of treatment for those infected with this disease and with treatment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot long-dated than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact still remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to come into play to make a signif icant difference in slowing down or possibly stopping this epidemic is prevention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the truth appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing said the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest yard in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even bigger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become more aware of the risks and must become more responsible in protecting themselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is getting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are said in getting tested commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, acute is Beautiful. WORKS CITED1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Repor t on AIDS epidemic 2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. mouse 11.3.) http//www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=254.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http//www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm

Homer & The Odyssey :: essays research papers

Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is cognise of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have compose both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were compose in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century BC. some(prenominal) epics are written in an elaborate style, using language that was too impersonal and formal for ordinary discourse. The metrical form is dactylic hexameter (see Versification). Stylistically no historical distinction can be made between the two works. Since antiquity, however, many readers have believed that they were written by different people. The Iliad deals with passions, with insoluble dilemmas. It has no real villains Achilles, Agamemnon, Priam, and the rest are caught up, as actors and victims, in a cr uel and ultimately tragic universe. In the Odyssey, on the other hand, the wicked are destroyed, right prevails, and the family is reunited. here rational intellect-that of Odysseus in particular-acts as the guiding force throughout the story.Besides the Iliad and the Odyssey, the so-called Homeric Hymns, a series of relatively short poems celebrating the various gods and composed in a style similar to that of the epics, have also been attributed traditionally to Homer.The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseuss household during his long absence A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseuss ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second ha lf of the poem begins with Odysseuss arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelopes suitors and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged fatherPenelope, in Greek mythology, young woman of Icarius, king of Sparta, and the wife of Odysseus, king of Ithaca. Penelope and Odysseus had a son, Telemachus.

Essay --

Although many factors have influenced the development of civilizations around the world, most are derived from the necessities required by all humans to maintain existence. One of the most unprocessed needs of the human race is food. The index of the land to provide a surplus of food was a significant contributing factor for civilization to bulge out in Mesopotamia. Crops such as barley, emmer, olives, beans, grapes and flax were very easy to grow in the fertile soil found there. As more people began to arrive and peg down in Mesopotamia, towns began to emerge building a civilization that encompassed various workers, organization, and cooperation among the people. The Mesopotamians learned to reroute would be floodwaters to the drier land to hydrate their crops, laying the foundation for modern twenty-four hours irrigation systems.Although there were areas such as Mesopotamia that had an abundance of food, other areas were not as fortunate. Many would have to travel to pur chase food or obtain water. locomotion on foot could be very tiresome and demand lengthy trips. Another reason for the need of transportation of a method other than on foot was war. This led to the invention of the chariot, as early as 1800 BCE by the Syrians. As the steppe people migrated into established civilizations, chariots became more widely utilized as the best-loved weapon. Rulers from areas widespread as Europe, China, the Middle East, and India utilized chariots as their master weapons. The use of the chariot eventually succumbed to horseback riding as the preferred method of travel. clean as societies and civilizations expanded over the continents of Europe and Asia the United States also expanded from the original colonies settled on the east coast to the ... ...arvests to pay their rent to be evicted. Many were shipped by their landlords to British North the States on the hopes of empty promises of money and clothing. Although the ships landed in Canada, of th e survivors, nearly half walked across the border into America deserting their mother country after the deception.Civilizations throughout the years have manifested through the need for change and survival. Whether food, resources, or the need for travel was the inspiration, people relocated to pit their own needs. Societies were established based on the cultures they came from, acculturated with the indigenous people they came in contact with. We all have needs to survive and provide future generations with the ability to progress forward. As the world changes, we learn to adapt and generate new technology as a means to ensure the maintenance of the human race.

Essay --

Although many factors be possessed of influenced the development of civilizations around the world, most are derived from the necessities required by on the whole humans to maintain existence. One of the most primitive carrys of the human race is food. The ability of the the three estates to provide a surplus of food was a significant contributing factor for civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia. Crops such as barley, emmer, olives, beans, grapes and flax were very easy to grow in the fertile soil nominate there. As more people began to arrive and settle in Mesopotamia, towns began to emerge building a civilization that encompassed various workers, organization, and cooperation among the people. The Mesopotamians learned to reroute would be floodwaters to the drier land to hydrate their crops, laying the foundation for modern day irrigation systems.Although there were areas such as Mesopotamia that had an abundance of food, other areas were not as fortunate. Many would hav e to buy the farm to purchase food or obtain water. Traveling on foot could be very tiresome and demand lengthy trips. Another reason for the need of transportation of a method other than on foot was war. This led to the invention of the chariot, as early as 1800 BCE by the Syrians. As the steppe people migrated into completed civilizations, chariots became more widely utilized as the preferred weapon. Rulers from areas widespread as Europe, China, the Middle East, and India utilized chariots as their master weapons. The use of the chariot eventually succumbed to hogback riding as the preferred method of travel.Just as societies and civilizations expanded over the continents of Europe and Asia the United States also expanded from the original colonies settled on the east coast to the ... ...arvests to pay their rent to be evicted. Many were shipped by their landlords to British North America on the hopes of empty promises of money and clothing. Although the ships landed i n Canada, of the survivors, nearly half walked across the border into America deserting their mother country after the deception.Civilizations throughout the years have manifested through the need for change and survival. Whether food, resources, or the need for travel was the inspiration, people relocated to meet their own needs. Societies were established based on the cultures they came from, acculturated with the indigenous people they came in contact with. We all have needs to survive and provide future generations with the ability to progress forward. As the world changes, we learn to adapt and generate new technology as a means to ensure the maintenance of the human race.

Netflix Study Case

As we all know Netflix is known as bingle of the largest online providers of movie lettings today with a wide array of selections and almost 7 million subscribers and has become very successful in the movie rental diligence over the years. 1. As stated in the case study because of the U. S copyright law requires streaming rights to be purchased from TV and movie studios before macrocosm downloaded. Netflix needs to find a way that after part benefit both them and the studios in order to better suite their needs financially.Netflix can generate money that the company needs to pay off the studios by deciding that instead of offering the streaming service for free, they should incorporate their streaming videos with their current DVD rental plans allowing their customers to have the option to do as they please. For e. g. Netflix should charge their customers an extra $4-$6 on the current plans like the cable companies would normally do. 2. Netflix can convince the studios that the yre not competitors so they will agree to license their content by starting a partnership with them.Netflix along with the studios can partner together and puzzle a friendly business relationship so that their business can run and operate smoothly and be successful. For example Netflix can partner with ecumenic Pictures in which both of the companies can profit. Netflix can also have the advantage of having Universal Pictures provide them with the license, that way they can still generate profits and can put it towards other company goals. 3. Netflix should address their organizational challenges wisely because businesses tend to grow and a company can either benefit or not by hiring more employees.If Netflix decides to hire more employees it is up to the executive team to manage them well and make sure the company can afford the fare of workers they want to hire. Hence, they will not have to layoff or fire as many staff when they have yet to reach their particular goals. 4. Netf lix is a rapidly growing company, the CEO Reed Hastings and his executive team should devote a lot of time into hiring. The role of the managers is to be responsible for overall elbow room of the organization.Therefore, it is their duty to set out a plan for Netflix that includes the companys organizational goals and how they want to achieve them. They have to make a decision on what jobs and tasks will be made to help benefit the company and who will be recruited to work for Netflix. 5. Being located near the Silicon Valley, which is near to shopping mall capturing companies that may attract top talent, ideas Netflix can come up with to inspire and motivate future employees are as follows. A well paying remuneration is what mainly captures the attention of persons willing to work for a company.Therefore Netflix should provide competitive salary structures for its employees. In order to provide great organizational culture Netflix should receive their employees as a great value to their business and should make sure their comfortable in their working environment. Employees performance can be ground on their work surroundings so it is important for them to feel welcome. Netflix can provide perks for their staff such as in door gyms, on land site massage therapy, free food, and great vacation packages, just to name a few.

Critique Zara’s strategy based upon an evaluation of the external and internal environments facing Zara.

IntroductionUsing your rating of the external and internal environments facing Zara, you are asked to critique Zaras stated strategy of elaboration into (Eastern) Europe and Asia. Consider whether the strategy is feasible, suitable and acceptable. In your answer, consider both the likely benefits as well as challenges that Zara is breathing out to face. How does the emphasis on online expansion fit into the guilds international strategy? Zara opened its first store in 1975 in La Coruna, turn up in northwest Spain. International expansion of the Zara brand began with the opening of a store in Oporto in 1988. By the end of January 2006, Zara was operating in 59 countries with 852 stores 664 stores in Europe (including 259 in Spain), 100 in America, 45 in the Middle East and Africa and 31 in Asia. Foreign sales accounted for 69% of the companys turnover in the year 2005, with Europe being the biggest market so far. This paper critiques Zaras strategy of expansion into (Eastern) Euro pe and Asia, based upon an evaluation of the external and internal environments facing Zara. The ending for global expansion is due to both push and pull factors. The push factors are those which encouraged the organization to anticipate for international opportunities. The pull factors include attractive situations in the host market . Limited market growth opportunities at home were major influences in the decision to expand internationally. With the opening of their first store, Zara discovered that for some, the Spanish fashion and design market was on verge of saturation. Key pull factors included the meekness of Spain into the European Union. The globalization of the worlds economies, the economy of scale to be made and the similarities of consumer spending patterns was an additional pull factor. Strategy is feasible, suitable and acceptable The internationalization of Zara seemed to quest for the classic stage model by first entering the culturally or geographically close st market prior to taking chances in a more distant market. This method aided the companys learning curve. These stages include Reluctance as well as trial Zara focused their expansion on the domestic market. The maturity of the Spanish market led Zara to search for international opportunities. Expansion into Portugal was seen as an attractive as well as acquainted(predicate) market because of their geographical and cultural proximity to Europe. Cautious expansions During this stage Zara expanded into markets with geographical and psychological proximate as well as with minimum directs of socio-economic developments by adding one or two countries each year to their market portfolio. Zara then began operating in Frances fashion capital, with sights on the geographical contiguous EU and points for later expansions in Northern Europe, including Belgium and Sweden. Benefits as well as challenges that Zara is going to face Zara owns many stores in Europe and Asia international expans ion has been adopted by way of three separate entry modes Subsidiaries This direct investing strategy is a very expensive method of entering and it involves a high level of quality management control as well as business risk. Zara adopted such strategy for European as well as Asian countries, which had been perceived for having high growth potential along with low business risks. Joint venturing This is a cooperative strategy where manufacturing facilities and a know-how of local companies have been feature with expertise in foreign companies in the same market, particularly in large, competitive markets where it is difficult to acquire property for setting up retail outlets and where in that respect have been the other types of barriers which need cooperation with a local firm. Franchisee This strategy has been chosen for high-risk countries that are culturally different and have little market opportunities along with a low sale forecast. Franchisees of Zara follow a similar b usiness pattern to their subsidiaries finding product, store location, interior design, and logistics, as well as human resources. When an entry mode has been decided for a specific country, Zara has followed patterns of the expansion called in company as oil stain. Experience guides Zara in these stages of expansions in each country. Emphasis on online expansion fit into the companys international strategy Experience gained in international environments made Zara intent on rapid global expansion, with regard to the cultural and geographic proximate. Zara consolidated its position in the European market as a method of gaining a foothold in the new countries. collectable to the expansion of the European Union, at the start of the year 2006, Zara was operating in 59 countries with 800 stores, with plans to add many more in countries such as Italy, France, Germany and large Britain, with Asia as the headquarters of international operations.ReferencesAlexander, N. (1995b). Internatio nalisation interpreting the motives, in McGoldrick P. and Davies, P., International retailing trends and strategies. London Pitman Publishing. Johanson, J. a.-P. (1975). The internationalisation of the firm four Swedish vitrine studies. Journal of Management Studies, 12 , 305-322. Martinez, J. (1997). Jose Maria Castellano. Economistas, 73 , 118-126.

Acer Group

The genus Acer Group Acer worldwide mission statement crisp technology enjoyed by everyone, everywhere. The Acer group allied with other companies is globally one of the largest Manufacturers for PC, computer parts. Mobile computers, network server components etc Starting in Taiwan, Acer was the market leader in thirteen countries around the world and ranked top five in thirty countries globally.With more than 120 enterprises in 44 countries, supporting dealers and distributers over 100 countries, 23,000plus employees around the world excl Taiwan, , US$500million operation in OEM manufacturing, Concentrating on the 3E market- education, entertainment, e-commerce with all its abilities Acer truly made itself a Global Organization, in 1997. Working with Acer Operating independently, yet working together was one of the features of the Acer Group. Decentralization in organization allowed the Acer employees to move around responsible in decision making process.The senior management how ever tried to preserve the concept of Symbiotic common interest, assuaging any disparity of opinion and consolidating them, and keeping up the centralized core. The Acer group had a long term vision to transform as a high-tech global corporation, hence taking a smart step to enter foreign markets by allying with the local distributors, retailers, suppliers, Managers, struggle etc. Every region has its own guide in case of electronics Acer kept up to the local needs and customized their products accordingly.A local touch was achieved by Acer with every person fellow travelerd with be it the client or supplier or its own employee. The Acer aimed at expanding its manufacturing globally, by setting 17 plants in different countries. However it faced the difficulty in transportation of the materials or assembled parts due to various custom restrictions in all(prenominal) region. Different countries applied ISO regulations independently. Certain times these made it difficult for the A cer to continue the traditional way of working as they had planned.The most affected area was the breed at the global train. It was difficult to predict the inventory level in the market with rapid changes happening around, moreover the product supply was far away. It was now necessary to set up a centralized kitchen to each production unit to reduce the freight and material handling costs. Hence it adopted the Fast Food Model, wherein the perishable and non-perishable goods were handled and transported separately as per their need. The inventory turnover was however now reduced to half once the fast food was implemented.Each production unit now had its assembly plant, developed R&D, which helped them in shortening the time and cost of component production to delivery. The quality of service they provided was of the foremost importance. Exploring Chinese Mainland Acer wanted to secure a firm ground in the niche market. After suffering the losses in 1996-97, Acer realized that to win over the large markets it has first capture the smaller ring the larger ones. The big markets like Japan and USA had so many competitors trying to find its place that it was impossible for Acer to step in or sustain.However Acer tried entering USA, facing a big time loss. This Failure motivated the Acer to apply the Go Game philosophy of the WAR. grip the villages to win over the cities. Hence seeing immense scope in the mainland Acer had plans to set up the unit in the Mainland. The Acer Group mistaken that being aware of the Chinese culture and ethics would make them easy to establish in the mainland, however the reality was non very pleasing. Initially the governmental issues between china and Taiwan since the World War II were the major concern.Neither did Taiwan Govt. allowed the invasion of Acer in China mainland, nor was China willing to receive the setting of Acer in the mainland. However, later after few years in 1998, Taiwan opened its port for Chinese materials c hina was still indisposed to do so. Every exchange of goods happened via the south port of china which increased the freight cost. The manager at Acer still thinks moving to china is a good decision as the political issues seemed to be sorting out to some extent as well the WTO granting them membership.Moreover he assumes to see immense resources which could grow them to their destination. Yet again, there stood another problem the human resources. Though Taiwan and China are closely related traditionally both share fatten different work cultures and ethics. The labor in china though was cheap no guarantee was given about the reliability. No family bonding, no tax incentives, nonentity worked. Moreover, the Taiwanese workforce, whether the manager or labor was reluctant to relocate reason- safety issues, status and standard of living, higher level of education in Taiwan, ocial living which were documented Finding reliable, efficient, skilled work force another major issue Acer has to deal with. Discussion China is emerging country in manufacturing. It possesses considerable resources that could catalyze the success of any growing manufacturing industry. The case study indicates about the plans of Acer as well the problem they are facing implementing it. The sales designate shows the drop downs of the company during 1996-97. Reason move to bigger markets in its first step rather taking smaller ones.Hence capturing the niche is surely a wise decision. China has immense resources in terms of land, workforce, etc. Major PC industryrs now realized the advantages of moving the plants to china, being among the first ones and nearest ones, Acer should not leave the opportunity of growing, for some hurdles across their way. The Acer groups seems to lack with the international expertise from the previous experiences, networking is important in supply chainthey should associate with the locals to understand work culture of the Chinese labors, the incentive polic y.Acer has been hiring the locals, and should follow the same and not force the Taiwanese to relocate. However the senior management will look at to relocate, in need of a skilled employee who can centralize the autonomy within each plant. The Taiwanese managers however can be provided with better sociable living facilities, relocation incentives that could maintain their standards. Setting a plant in sparsely industrialized region, closer to east coast. More employment for the locals- cheap labor plus ready to learn. Maximize information flow minimize material flow between Taiwan and China to avoid Political conflicts and custom issues by utilizing resources within. Not many major PC manufacturers have their units in China, Setting a unit in China will help Acer to busy Asian and European countries. Reducing operation and transportation efforts and cost. To overcome the past loses, Changes in organizational working is necessary, hence risk is inevitable Acer to manufacture in Chi na? (Review)

Economic Practice Coursework Essay

My choice of article is the one relating to the oil crisis in Libya, and how it affects the providence of otherwise countries. The article discusses the impacts of the oil skip of Libya, supplying it no more. It starts off by talking about the impact on sh ars and the price of oil barrels, which is the fast-paced and direct impact of the oil cut.As supply from Libya territory stops, supply to the entire world is crippled, as Libya is one of the countries that supply most worldwide employ oil. As it stops supplying, it shifts the supply and demand graphs completely. In a short term, supply shifts to the left, as it is less. In doing so, for the same amount of oil, the price has gone to a higher figure. By doing that, the shares index of the western countries, such as European countries and the US have dropped, because of the adjustment via disposable income.That happens because of the effects of the shifting of the supply curve. As the price goes higher, the general public have less money to spend on the economy and firms, decreasing the firms profit, damaging that countries economy. Thats the priming coat for the index to go great deal, and thats an example of mid-term effects of the oil crisis. In the midterm effect, the demand for oil will decrease, as people will cut back on the oil, and look for ersatz routes.On the long term, the demand for the cars will decrease, as people will not want to buy cars, and accent to sell their cars. This will affect the economy drastically, as the car companies are a big part of that countries economy. The general public will search for alternative routes to travel, as oil prices are higher. The car companies will have to spend oft more money on researching alternatives such as hybrids and electric cars which are starting to appear.The public transport system will benefit from this situation, as more people would want to travel via train or bus, as it is much cheaper and faster. The government would get more money from this, so it would improve as much. The oil companies would want to drill and search for oil in more contrary areas, causing more deforestation, and much more money spending by the companies and time. Thus some small oil companies will be closed down due to the high demand of oil, as they cant compete with the oil monopolies.The oil monopolies will also be affected, as some major(ip) companies oil supply relies a lot on Libyas supply. Regarding the oil companies, they had to pull out staff from troubled countries, not only Libya, but other countries that are getting affected by that state, and are choosing to cut off supply as well, such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. As they do this, the productiveness drops to zero in those countries, and there is a high chance of the companies losing contact with their oil.The unrest in Libya may affect the Saudi Arabia, and that concern is affecting a huge majority of stock holders and companies, specified before, changing the stock markets, especially the European and Asia. Relating to airlines, as the supply and demand graphs change, the oil supply for airplanes gets crippled, so more money has to be spent to get the same amount of oil, making the costs bigger, resulting in a bigger price for the customer for the same feather compared to before the whole situation. There is also a chance of investors backing out from the airline business, resulting in smaller profits for the companies and much more pecuniary issues.

Overpopulation In The Philippines Essay

In 2014, it is the 12th most populated country in the world. It has a growth rate of 1.89% per year. In 2013 population of 98,734,798 and 2014 population of 100,617,630 in the Philippines. In 2010, the census results show that the population increased nearly 16 gazillion from the 2000 census results. The growth rate has slowed slightly from the previous census, down to 1.89% from 2.34%. The Philippines largest city is Quezon City, which contains 2,679,450 passel and makes up parts of Manila with 16 cities, containing 25 million people which is more than a quarter of the Philippines population. The growth rate is so high that now three babies a minute are being born.CAUSESRELIGION-After its pointedness under the Spanish empire the main religion in the Philippines is Catholic, this means that under their religion contraception is forbidden to be used. This leads to a higher birth-rate repayable to the lack of contraception used.LACK OF EDUCATION-The level of education is extremely poor, especially on contraception and sexual education. This is not helped by the Roman Catholic Church who are against contraceptives.GOVERNMENT-The government refuse to provide free birth controls for its citizens.-The country is also in turmoil, its church is very powerful (Catholic)personal effectsSOCIAL-Food shortages, shortage of housing leading to high density slums which spread disease quicker also increasing poverty. Unemployment is high as well as a depletion in resources. -Despite its economic growth, this still hasnt translated into a higher employment rate.ECONOMIC-Low GDP as low food amounts, to stop this governments may have to rely on foreign debt -With high unemployment meaning that there is more economic strain on those that are in work. -The Philippines ranks in wholeness of the worst countries by the World Bank of starting a business. This means that the government dont collect enough income tax meaning they cannot remediate the infrastructure and other aspect s of the areas. -There are a high numberof Filipinos working abroad, there is a worry that these may be returning to the country, where will they operate? Another problem with this is that these Filipinos with businesses take them elsewhere to prosper as in the Philippine sit is hard to start it up.ENVIRONMENTAL-Typhoons, destroy crops and housing make shanty town populations to increase rapidly.-Higher pollution levels from the shanty towns, despite people picking out valuables through rubbish and selling them on.

Seven Wonders of the World

vii Wonders of the realness Centuries ago ace man dreamed, designed and constructed a breathtaking monument and therefore, it went on to become a wonder. Wonders of the world ar so many. No list can comprehend everything. But why they are in truth the wonders and what are the factors which make them to call a wonders? all(prenominal) wonder has its profess history and importance, and they perk up virtually interesting facts related with them. However, the original 7-spot wonders of the world are the close worthy of our praise and appreciation as they were constructed in an era that was devoid of any building machinery and d ace mostly by hand.The true wonder we can say is artistic, mysterious, magnificent, stunning or in other formulates it is really a master piece, and due to these qualities it attracts everyone towards itself. The most unique or amazing creations by mankind are included in the list of heptad Wonders of the mankind. The outcome 7 is said to symbo lize perfection and so is used to list the wonders. There are number of different lists of the Seven Wonders of the World the seven wonders of the quaint world, seven natural wonders of the world, the new Seven Wonders of the World and the modern wonders.A campaign to name the new Seven Wonders of the World, launched in 1999, has just reached to its climax. headmasterly, there were nearly 200 nominations which were shortlisted and finally, in the largest ever poll of its kind, 100 one thousand million spate voted crosswise the world for the final seven. Voting was done through the internet, as well as by phone and text. The popularity poll was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the new seven wonders foundation based in Zu mysterious, Switzerland, with succeeders denote on July 7, 2007 in Lisbon.The New seven wonders foundation is regulate by the Swiss Federal Foundation Authority. 1. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World In the recent past, volume across the w orld were asked to vote for their favorite seven wonders of the world. The ancient Greeks loved art and architecture. They were the first people to compile the seven wonders of the ancient world list. These wonders were build-in the marvels of the 4th ascorbic acid BC. The Greeks had conquered much of the world and traveled far and wide.As they were patrons of beauty, they took fancy to the landmarks and unique architecture of various lands. 1. 1 Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza is the notwithstanding surviving member of the seven wonders of the ancient world list, which was strengthened in 2584 BC. It is primed(p) at Giza Necropolis, Egypt. This pyramid is active 800 feet long, 450 feet high and is build from 2 million blocks of stone. It is said to have been make as the tomb of the 4th dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. (Baxamusa) 1. 2 hang Gardens of Babylon suspension system Gardens of Babylon is create around 600BC.It was built by King Nebuchandnezzar. He built the garden for his married woman Amytis of Media to enjoy a private, terrace garden without any disturbance. It was built in Al-Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq. These gardens were said to be about 400 feet wide, 400 feet long and were everyplace 80 feet in height. The garden is supposed to have been destroyed by a massive earthquake. 1. 3 Temple of Artemesium The synagogue of Artemesium, at Ephesus, was one of great temple built by Croesus, king of Lydia, about 550 BC and was rebuilt after being burned by a madman named Herostratus in 356 BC.The Artemesium was famous not sole(prenominal) for its great size over 350 by 180 feet entirely besides for the magnificent works of art that adorned it. The temple was destroyed by trespassing(a) Goths in 262 AD and was never rebuilt. 1. 4 Statue of Zeus at Olympia Statue of Zeus at Olympia was built in 435 BC. The Greeks completed this building. The statue of Zeus was built in the temple to honor the Greek Olympic Game. The statue w as a gigantic structure that occupied the whole width of the aisle of the temple. It was about 40 feet long-legged and was destroyed in a fire during the 5th and 6th century AD. Baxamusa) 1. 5 Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was built in 351 BC. King Mausolus ruled a small commonwealth in Asia Minor. His queen Artemisia was a beautiful woman who loved the king a rophy. After the death of King Mausolus, she got the most beautiful mausoleum built in the memory of her loving husband. It was known as the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and people from far and wide came to visit it. By the year 1494 AD, it was destroyed by a flood. It was rebuilt entirely was damage by an earthquake. 1. 6 Collosus of Rhodes Collosus of Rhodes was built in 290 BC.Collosus of Rhodes was the colossal statue of the sun god Helios that stood in the ancient Greek city of Rhodes and was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. After about 56 years it was built, the statue was destroyed by an earthquake. It fell into the harbor and just the thumb of the statue was visible over the water surface. The king of Egypt offered to rebuild the statue, but the people of Rhodes refused. This is because they believed Helios himself threw the statue in water in a fit of rage. 1. 7 Lighthouse of Alexandria Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in 280 BC.The Island of Pharos was a harbor in Alexandria, Egypt. This pharos was built in this harbor and helped ships enter the harbor safely. This lighthouse is said to have survived for 1500 long years and finally destroyed by an earthquake in the 1300s. During its era, it was the grandiloquentest man-made structure at about 380 to 440 feet high. So, these were some interesting facts about the 7 wonders of the ancient world. Just deem, what an impact they may have created in the minds of the people of that age. Except the Pyramid of Giza, all the other wonders have long gone.We can just imagine more about these magnificent structures based on the literary works by people of ancient Greece. These seven ancient wonders have something special thing in it, which creates curiosity betwixt us to watch and study these wonders. Although, plainly one ancient wonder is left today, but still they have attraction and by this force of attraction these wonders attract everyone towards itself. We can just imagine more about these magnificent structures based on the writings by people of ancient Greece. 2. New Seven Wonders of the WorldThe list of New Seven Wonders consists of man-made monuments from all over the world. These Seven Wonders of the World are spread across continents and were selected by people throughout the world using a select method. The organizers thought that this will promote global harmony, on with increasing peoples knowledge about these historical monuments some of which are not in their own continent. In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New Seven Wonders Foundation to choose the N ew Seven Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 alert monuments.Twenty-one finalists were announced January 1, 2006. Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder, the Great Pyramid of Giza, would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty, the Sydney Opera House, and other landmarks. In response, Giza was named an honorary Candidate. The results were announced on July 7, 2007, in Lisbon, Portugal. Figure 1 New seven Wonders of the World, Source New7Wonders of the World,en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New7Wonders_of_the_World. 2. 1 Chichen Itza The name Chichen Itza means At the mouth of the well of Itza.Here, Itza refers to a policy-making clan of people, who were at their political and economical best in the northern peninsula (Saxena. Chaitra Suraj). Chichen Itza was the political focal point for a long time in the Mayan history. This winner of the seven wonders list is located in Yucatan, Mexico. The historical site consists of many stone buildi ngs which are connected by a network of paved roadstead called Sacbeob. Most of these buildings have been restored and some are still under the process. These buildings have been conventioned into sets of architectonic series (based on their architecture).And these sets are believed to be at one time disjointed by walls. The three famous sets out of them are, Great North Platform, the Osaario Group and the Central Group. These sets individually consist of various buildings, which are wonders in themselves. Chichen Itza consists of numerous temples, pyramids, and some interesting monuments like Steam Bath and the Great Ball Court. Each of the building had its own importance and was used for some specific purpose. One item area of Chechen Itza is open to archeologists only, in a way it is still under observation and research. 2. 2 Christ the the NazareneChrist the Redeemer is the statue of deliveryman Christ, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is situated at a height of 700 meters on the Carcovado Mountain, in the Tijuca forest National Park. It weighs 635 tons and stands at a height of 39. 6 meters. It is built of reinforced concrete and soapstone and is the symbol of Christianity, as well as Rio de Janeiro. The social organization of a historical monument on Corcovado was suggested first in 1850, then again in 1921. A lot many designs were considered for the religious monument, which included, the re layation of the Christian cross and the tatue of Jesus with a globe in his hand. The Christ the Redeemer was finalized and the construction began in 1922 and continued till 1931. The cost of construction is estimated to be $250,000. The statue was opened to public on 12th of October, 1931 and in 2007 it became a part of the Seven Wonders of the World. In February 2008, the statue was struck by lightning, during a storm but was saved because of the outer layer made of soapstone, which acted as an insulator. This particular storm is known to have caused a lot of d amage in the city of Rio, but the statue stood unhurt. . 3 Colosseum Colosseum, also known as the Roman Coliseum is situated in the city of Rome, Italy. Coming from such a strong background, it was a really strong con decenniumder for a position in Seven Wonders of the World list. It is an elliptical coliseum and was originally known as Flavian Amphitheater. It is said to be one of the largest buildings of the Roman Empire. Construction of this amphitheater took around 10 years, starting from 70 AD and once ready the Colosseum was used for various public events and fights between gladiators.Gladiatorial fights were the major source of entertainment during those times and the public events consisted of mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and so forth The amphitheater was capable of seating a total of 50,000 spectators. It is estimated that some 500,000 people and over a million animals died in the events held at Colosseum. In the early knight ly era, the building was stopped being used as a place of entertainment and then on, it is believed to have been used for various other purposes. The ancient building now stands partially ruined by earthquakes. . 4 Great Wall of china The Great Wall of China was built between the 5th and sixteenth centuries BC. This wall was designed to protect the northern border from attacks. The Great Wall is over 4,000 miles long. The Great Wall of China also has the distinction of being one of the Wonders of the middle Ages as well. The Great Wall of China is a stone wall built from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west of China and it stretches over a distance of 8,851. 8 kms. On land, the walls were made using earth or wood, but with the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the walls were made using bricks.Other materials like lime, tiles and stones were also widely used. With the use of bricks the construction is believed to have fastened and the brick walls were much stronger. The wall is now in ruins at most of the places and only a few split remain in good condition. Parts of it have sustained years of erosion, human attacks, modern-day construction and even graffiti at a lot of places, in order to find a place in the 7 wonders of the world. (Saxena) 2. 5 Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a pre Columbian Inca site in Cuzco, Peru.It is located at a height of 8000 feet in a higher place the sea level on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu. The name Machu Picchu means Old Peak and is often referred to as The Lost City of the Incas. Its construction started in AD 1430 and the city was abandoned a hundred years later. It remained hidden from the outside world for hundreds of years, until it was discovered by Hiram Bingham, an American historian in the year 1911. Because of its location, Machu Picchu remained hidden from most of the world, including the Spanish conquerors.But now that it is in the seven wonders list, it is a famous tourist attraction and is visited by people from all across the world. Machu Picchu is believed to have been built at the peak of the Inca Empire and is the proof of their royalty and religious beliefs. Incas were basically sun worshipers. Inti in Peruvian means the Sun and hence, it can be easily understood that one of its primary buildings is The Temple of the Sun. The other main buildings are the Intihuatana and the Room of the Three Windows. Most of the buildings in Machu Picchu are in some or the other way related and dedicated to their God, The Sun.Machu Picchu is on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites. And that is why tourism in Machu Picchu is of great concern. Scientists believe that more the People, more will be the damage. 2. 6 Petra Petra is a historical and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Maan that is famous for its escape from cut architecture and water conduit system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jord an as well as its most visited tourist attraction.It lies on the slope of Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large vale running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The depressedfall of Petra began under the Roman Empire. The basic reason being was the flip of trade routes. Most of the Petra was destroyed by earthquakes, which damaged buildings and fractured the lifeline of Petra the water management system. 2. 7 Taj Mahal Taj Mahal famously known as the Symbol of Love is a mausoleum, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.It is located in Agra, India. Taj Mahals construction began around 1632 and it took around 21 years to be completed. It was constructed according to the Mughal architecture, which is a combination of Persian, Indian and Islamic architectural styles. The mausoleum was built solely in marble, while other buildings in t he complex were made of red stone. For the decoration purposes, 28 types of precious and swindle precious stones were used and the raw material is believed to be lucid from as far as Afghanistan in the North and Sri Lanka in the South.It is said that nearly 20,000 workers were diligent from all across the country for the construction work. These include skilled artisans, carvers, sculptors and stone cutters of excellent rapport. All in all, 37 people formed the creative whole of the project. Some of them were from foreign countries too. The approximate cost of construction is estimated to some 32 million rupees (Indian currency). It is considered as one of the master pieces of Mughal Empire and attracts tourism from all over the world. Statistics suggest that approximately 2 to 4 million people visit Taj Mahal annually.So, according to the above discussion we can say that every wonder has its own importance in the present world according to their historical background and their construction. People from all over the world visit these wonders to satiate their curiosity. Now a days architectures are in the constant struggle to make the new wonders which are better than the ancient and present wonders, but still the present wonders have great importance at the present time and architectures have to work very hard to defeat these wonders.Work Cited 1. Temple of Artemis. encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. , 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. <britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/36816/Temple-of-Artemis> 2. Colossus of Rhodes. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. , 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. <britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/501620/Colossus-of-Rhodes. > 3. Mish, Frederick C. , Editor in Chief. Petra. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 9th ed.Springfield, mama Merriam-Webster Inc. , 1985 4. Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval, The Message of the Sphinx, Pyramidolog y, 4 volume, 1957-1972, Web. 5. Nakate. Shashank. Seven Wonders of the World. Web 3/16/2010. Buzzle. com 6. Baxamusa. Batul Nafisa. 7 Wonders of the Ancient World List. Web. 2/25/2011. Buzzle. com 7. Marian K, Original Seven Wonders of the World. Web. 10/3/2011. Buzzle. com 8. Saxena. Chaitra Suraj, New 7 Wonders What are the Seven Wonders of the World?. Web. 9/30/2011. Buzzle. comSeven Wonders of the WorldSeven Wonders of the Ancient World musical composition the ancient world left little written record, the evidence that we do have depicts it as far more advanced and culturally rich than many would expect. From the Phoenicians in Mesopotamia to the Mayans in Central America, technological advancements and complex theories drove the ancient civilizations ahead. Great thinkers from that period like Socrates left huge marks on the literary world. Great scientists like Copernicus developed theories that provided the foundations for more modern thought. Juxtaposing their technology wi th our own, we find their accomplishments truly amazing.Their buildings, remarkably built without cranes, bulldozers, or assembly lines, rival our sterling(prenominal) and create great wonder among our culture. Chief among their architectural feats, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World remind us constantly of the ancient cultures splendors and advancements. These landmarks, the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria or the Walls of Babylon according to the list, left evidence of the magnificence of the ancient world.Understanding the history of the whole group as well as the history of the individual places creates a gratitude and reverence for our ancient ancestors. Herodotus created the first list of wonders in the fifth century BC but gained little notoriety for the feat and excite few subsequent lists. His w ritten record, a list mirroring that above with the exception of substituting the Pharos of Alexandria for the Lighthouse, was destroyed with the exception of references in the burning of the Library of Alexandria (History Reference Center). In following centuries, however, Herodotuss ideas began to catch on.Conquering vast empires in the name of Macedonia, Alexander the Great led a strategic military campaign throughout the Balkans and much of the ancient world. Through these fourth century BC annexations, Alexander stimulated travel in the area, which in turn led to the Greeks gaining immense cultural knowledge about peoples like the Persians, Egyptians, and Babylonians. Alexander truly opened their world. With the influx of travel, the Greeks began and compile oral lists of theamatas, a word translated to mean the must-sees. The lists, though they varied from person to person, lways contained a constant number of seven sites. Being neither a product nor factor of any number less than ten, seven is hard to separate into subdivisions and therefore provides an excellent number for indivisible things like the Seven Wonders, the Seven Deadly Sins, and the Seven Sages. After Herodotus, the nigh well-known list is that of Callimachus of Cyrene, a worker at the Library of Alexandria. He wrote a work entitled A Collection of Wonders in Lands throughout the World, but destroyed early on, the contents of the list remain unknown.De Septem Mundi Miraculous, or Of the Seven Wonders of the World, was written in 200 BC. Attributed to and supposedly written by Philo of Byzantium, many postulate that it was actually written in the sixth century AD (Infoplease). Regardless, this work gives an excellent description of Seven Wonders, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Pyramids of Giza, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Colossus at Rhodes, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and Ephesus, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.While most lists agree on a t least six of the seven wonders, some ancient and modern lists substitute the walls of Babylon for the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The most renowned ancient list, coming around 80 years later, belongs to Antipater of Sidon and does exactly this. A citizen of Alexandria, Egypt, Antipater compiled his list in a poem during the certify century BC, manifestation I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon, along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of Alpheus.I have seen the Hanging Gardens and the Colossus of Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lordly pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Maussollos. But when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside of Olympus (History Reference Center) These lists inspired others to not only explore but to tell of their explorations.After the works of Herodotus, Callimachus, Philo, and Antipater, people stro ve to make their own lists of wonders, almost always including the eight documented by Philo and Antipater. The oldest and only remaining of these eight wonders, the Pyramids of Giza took ancient Egypt by storm in 2560 BC. A remarkable architectural feat, they remained the tallest structures in the world until the nineteenth century. They originally stood at 481 feet tall but have shrunk to around 450 feet.Khufus pyramid, also known as the Great Pyramid, contains 2,300,000 blocks weighing around two and a half tons each. Every side of that pyramid is 756 feet long (Infoplease). Fourth-Dynasty Pharaoh Khufu, also known as Cheops, ordered the pyramids built as tombs for Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaure. Their splendor begins with their location. Cheops chose a plateau made of white limestone located southwest of Cairo. Surrounded by the Nile River, spacious green plains, astounding palm groves, and the magnificent skyline of Memphis, the area itself is a wonder.Originator of the c oncept of Seven Wonders, Herodotus became the first to account the Pyramids when he visited Egypt around 450 BC. His account of the pyramids begins with an insult of Cheops, saying claiming Cheops, who reigned over them, plunged the country into deep calamities (History Reference Center). In Herodotuss books, he asserts that Cheops employed over 100,000 slaves at a time, switching the men out every three months, but ancient historian Diodorus Siculus alleged that the pyramids actually required 360,000 slaves.Recent discoveries, however, have pinned the number of workers between 5,500 and 8,000 and declared that they worked willingly, not as slaves. Herodotus goes on to describe a magnificent causeway used to transport stones and marvelous underground rooms that took approximately ten years to build. With information gathered from his Egyptian guide, Herodotus chronicled the process used to build the pyramids, writing This pyramid was constructed on the following plan.They began by building it in the course of go, having first made it in this form, they drew up the stones for the rest of the work by means of machines, consisting of short pieces of wood, when they had lifted them from the ground to the first tier of the steps as soon as stone had reached so far, it was laid on another machine, placed on the first range from thence it was hauled up to the second and from the second to the third, by means of another machine, for as many as the tiers of the steps there were, there was the same amount of machines. This passage shows the technological advancements employed by the Egyptians.The architecture behind the underground rooms proved extremely innovative Cheops used a canal from the Nile to create an insulation system (Books). Summing up his Egyptian encounter, he gives a brief account of the lesser two pyramids, built as tombs for Khafra and Menkaure, and moves on to new things. Though many people enquiry its existence, the alleged regality of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon stupefies many. Herodotus, previously mentioned as the first big traveler of the era, gave a full description of the city of Babylon, making no mention of the Hanging Gardens.This causes speculation among many historians today (History Reference Center). For those who do believe, however, the Hanging Gardens stood in Mesopotamia, near the present location of Baghdad, Iraq. Berossus, a Babylonian priest, wrote the first account of the Gardens in 3rd century BC, but since then, the works have been lost. Strabo and Philo gave the next ancient descriptions. Philo wrote, The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are imbed in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns.Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels. These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently gre en and the leaves of trees grow hard attached to supple branches. This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators. (Books) While most of Mesopotamia lived up to its appellation the Fertile Crescent, Babylon differed, having a desert-like climate.According to ancient writers like Berossus, Philo of Byzantium, and Diodorus Siculus, King Nebuchadnezzar II ordered the Gardens built for his wife around sixth century BC (Infoplease). Amyitis, a native of the luscious green Persia, greatly missed the beautiful landscape of her home, and as any affectionate husband would do, Nebuchadnezzar built the Gardens to quell her. The King filled the Gardens with pears, plums, grapes, and many other colorful plants. Providing great shade among the sandy landscape, the Gardens served as a retreat for the royal family.For the scholars that believe that the Hanging Gardens actually existed, another argu ment arises over whether or not the Gardens actually hang. In their Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Michael and Mary B. Woods argue that the description of the Gardens as break comes from a translation issue. They assert that the original Greek word can be translated into hanging or overhanging and claim that the original authors meant overhanging. Because its very existence remain disputed, no evidence of the date or method of destruction endures.Built in 560 BC, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus paid homage to the Greek goddess Artemis, goddess of the hunt, childbirth, and virginity (History Reference Center). King Croesus of Lydia ordered the Temple built on a marshland in present-day Turkey, and one hundred and twenty years later it opened for worship. Towering above other structures in the land, the Temple, made of marble, stood 300 long by 150 wide and massive columns (Infoplease). Croesus chose the location in hopes of protecting it from volatile earthquakes.That natura l disaster, however, would not cause the destruction of the Temple instead, it would fall victim to arson committed by a power-hungry Herostratus in 356 BC, on the birthday of Alexander the Great. Greek figment holds that Artemis, busy assisting with Alexanders childbirth, found herself too preoccupied to protect her Temple. Alexander, sympathetic to this story, offered to pay for the restoration of the Temple, but the Ephesian leaders rejected the quest claiming it was inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to the gods (Books).Despite Alexanders dismissal, the Ephesians, led by sculptor Scopas of Paros, rebuilt the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, beginning almost immediately after the originals destruction. The new Temple, the first made purely of marble, laid the foundation for extravagant building. Bigger than the original, it had 27 columns stretching 60 feet into the sky, spanning 425 feet long and 225 feet wide. capital of Greeces pride and joy, the Parthenon is believe d to have only been a quarter of the size of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.Pliny the Elder provided a base ancient description of the Temple, along with many other Grecian works, in his Natural History, written in the 1st century AD. Of the Temple, he wrote, The most wonderful monument of Grecian magnificence, and one that merits our genuine admiration, is the Temple of Diana at Ephesus (Books). Some, like Pliny, referred to the Temple as the Temple of Diana, Artemiss Roman form. As Christianity spread through the ancient world, the Temple soft became obsolete and eventually met its demise through raids from the Goths in 268 AD.Dedicated Ephesians made a final attempt to rebuild the Temple after its destruction, but Roman emperor butterfly Theodosius the Greats decision to outlaw Christianity, eradicating the Temples purpose. Site of the earliest Olympics, Olympia wished to honor its supreme god, also patron of their games, for their prosperity and success. To do this, they com missioned Phidias, chief sculptor behind the Parthenon, to build a statue paying homage to this god, Zeus. Using an innovative method designed by Phidias himself, he built a wooden skeleton in the intended shape of the statue and ordered workers to adorn it.Sheets of iron and gold were cut and fashioned to cover the wooden structure. Looming over the Temple of Zeus, the statue rose 40 feet into the air and was a massive 22 feet wide. Zeuss Statue features him sitting on a magnificent throne, with his head brushing the ceiling. The ancient historian Strabo criticized the proportions of the statue, claiming that Phidias depicted Zeus seated, but with the head almost touching the ceiling, so that we have the impression that if Zeus moved to stand up he would unroof the temple. (History Reference Center). Citation Page 1. Scarre, Chris. The Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World. (2004) 125-127. History Reference Center. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. 2. Infoplease. Infoplease, n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 201 2. . 3. Books. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .

Active and Passive Sentences

Your dwarfish boy broke my kitchen window this morning. My kitchen window was broken by your little boy. In the counterbalance objurgate, the person who did the action (your little boy) is the subject, and comes first then we say what he did (with the verb, broke) and what he did to (the object, my kitchen window). In the second sentence, the opposite happens we start by talking about my kitchen window (the object of the first the sentence has become the subject of the second) then we say what was done to it, and who this was done by.The first merciful of sentence, and the kind of verb-form used In It, be called active. The second kind of sentence, and the kind of verb-form used, ar called passive. This difference in the verb conjugation is called one of Voice, different from those of tense, aspect and mood. Examples of Active and Passive Voice Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.Sentences in Active and Passive Voice Here are examples of sentences written In both the active voice and the assive voice, with the active voice sentence appearing first Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active) At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive) Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active) The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive) Sue changed the flat tire. (active) The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive) We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active) A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive) I ran the obstacle course In get down time. active) The obstacle course was run by me in record time. (passive) The crew paved the entire stretch of highway. (active) The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.

Case Study Homework: Pepsi-Lipton Brisk Essay

Questions1. Should Brisk be advertised on prime cadence TV or with viral ads in the months following the Super Bowl ad? What are the benefits of each media What are the costs? In this case, since the budget is limited, the viral ads are to a greater extent doable for Brisk. The benefits of TV ads* Broader audienceTV has better quite a little appeal than other forms of advertising for a number of reasons. Some watch the TV to stay up on(predicate) with the latest financial information, while others simply enjoy public opinioning comedy shows, dramas, sport shows and news. This is a neat way to advertise your goods and products as it reaches a wider audience from different backgrounds.* It is intrusiveWhile some care intrusiveness as harmful, but for those involved in advertising its a great fortune to reach the localize audience. Although some viewers may be offended by some(prenominal) commercials, galore(postnominal) pass on never miss their show after the commercial. Ther efore, this entirelyows you to reach a wider audience.* A variety of communion techniquesRadio advertisers are except able to appeal to those who have their senses of hearing. On the other hand, television uses twain senses of vision and hearing. Appealing to the audience of both senses can help to reinforce your campaign. For instance, a price is talk on radio and thence made better on television. * Better viewing timeAccording to recent statistics, the average person watches TV for almost an hour every day, which is far more than one spends reading the magazine orlistening to radio. Unlike radio, TV viewers enjoy a variety of commercials without interruption whatsoever, thus it is a great way to reach the target audience. tied(p) though advertising is a flexible form of advertisement, it is slightly expensive than other advertising methods such as the radio. The benefits of Viral ads* Easy to execute. There are several methods of sending viral contents or messages and all of them are easy to do. Among those methods are sending email, instant messaging, and victimization web sites. Sending viral messages by dint of these media will not take much effort and time. * Low-cost. As compared to sending direct mails, viral merchandising proves to be cheaper and a more cost-effective method. With just a little investment on viral advertising, its power can reach even hundreds of thousands of people as compared to spending the same amount of capital to traditional advertising methods. That is because the only money to spend is for sending the initial set of viral contents, then forwarding or replicating the message will not require additional costs anymore.* Good targeting. With viral marketing, there is a huge probability that the message will reach people that are provoke in it. Since the apprehension of viral marketing is essentially passing on a message from a user to another person, most likely, the user will pass it to a person whom he knows will be int erested in it. Thus, the percentage of wasted advertising, which is sending the message to the wrong market, will be reduced. * High and rapid response rate. Since viral marketing reaches a good number of the business target market, there is also a big possibility to have a high turnover ratio. Even if the responses will not immediately convert into profits, there will still be huge trading that the business will receive which is what most web owners want.2. How are ways in which target consumers view ads in each media different? Which differences matter most to the protagonists? Can these consumer behaviors be factored into a single measuring rod that helps the protagonists compare the benefits of each media? TV consumers view ads increasingly savvy at turning out TV ads, 50% of them skipped through most of the ads. Online consumers are interested in this new way of ad and only 29% of them skipped the online video ads. This figure alone cannot become the single measure that helps the protagonists compare the benefits of each media because many other factorsinfluence the outcome of these media.3. Which of the four ad concepts should Mary Barnard and Marisol Tamaro choose? What elements matter? The forth concept should be taken.The celebrity endorsement is the key to success. The forth concept star black and white Claymation versions of ordinary celebrities or characters. The storytelling is the key in the online ads. The forth tell a well-known story and thats tell for expending and sharing.4. What does Mekanism mean by engagement? How do they attempt to make up engagement with the brand using viral ads?The engagement refers to the viewers and the ones who share the online ad video. They have two main ways to increase engagement Storytelling and syndicating video online.Optional Readings* BMW vs. Audi The Best Media Plan on Four Wheels? http//adage.com/ term/mediaworks/advertising-bmw-audi-media-plan/145990/ * How Little Brands rural area Big Bang for th eir Buck http//adage.com/article/news/brands-land-big-bang-buck/230850/?utm_source=daily_email&utm_medium=newsletter&utm_campaign=adage * The Rush to Digital http//adage.com/article/small-agency-diary/digital-ad-strategy-lead-lower-brand-awareness/231800/?utm_source=daily_email&utm_medium=newsletter&utm_campaign=adage * Nielsen Offers Cross-Platform Ratings http//mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/new-nielsen-ratings-to-measure-tv-and-online-ads-together/?scp=1&sq=Nielsen%20Cross%20platform&st=Search

Nvq Plevel 3 Playwork

PW3. 12 Assignment 4 5. 1 Explain wherefore it is primal to have optimistic traffichips with bigs in the make environs It could be vied that play spurters argon a great deal naturally expertnessed and adept at making good relationships with the children in the informal condition of a play environment. Whilst adult relationships may take to a greater extent sentence and effort, and thus more difficult to achieve it is of the essence(p) that they maintain positive relationships with other adults in spite of appearance the play environment.As professionals play sketchers atomic number 18 kindredly to keep abreast in to contact with a range of adults be it parents, carers, elder siblings, other playworkers, or the general web of care and as a result necessity to be proficient in forming positive relations with much(prenominal) adults. at that place are a number of reasons why this is important. First and foremost, children al government agencys benefit when adults or so them are able to collaborate, co-operate and work in tandem. In relation to parents and carers, it is important that playworkers and parents are amiable, and force out work together to form a strong support foundation for the child.Not provided go away the play setting benefit from amicable relations precisely children impart happen that they are supported as a result of the good rapport mingled with parents and playworkers. In addition to this, parents are naturally interested in the happiness and head- cosmos of their child. by strong and positive relations between parents and playworkers, parents will feel that they are informed about their childs experiences at the club and involved in this grimace of their life.A nonher purview of this mutual relationship is that the parent can inform the play setting if things are difficult at home, that the child worries about certain aspects of the play environment or any difficulties that they are having. Not only will th is provide an explanation for potential changes in behaviour, further it allows the playworkers to accommodate the child to make them feel more comfortable or at ease, and generally support them within the play setting.It is through this positive relationship that parents are able to support playworkers and their conclusivenesss, and in turn provide a strong group up foundation to support the child and their general welfare. In terms of positive relationships with those directly associated to the play environment it is essential that a positive, friendly and supportive relationship go bys between co-workers. superstar must re atom that children are sensitive to the way in which peerless works with colleagues, and indirectly the relations they analyze modelled by their elders are those which they in turn will portray.In effect, the attitude and relations of the playworkers act as a blue bring out upon which they form their have relationships. Essentially, through positive r elationships with other adults within the setting, it non only creates a lovable and fruitful atmosphere but it provides a strong foundation of support both(prenominal) between playworkers themselves and with parents and carers. Through good discourse and positive relations children are able to feel settled and supported in all aspects of their development. . 2 Explain the importance of tidy communications with adults in the play environment In dictate to develop and maintain positive relationships with adults in the play environment, an element of respect is vital. The key to this is a clear communications style. It is through such a style that both playworkers themselves, and parents feel respected, valued and a part of the play setting. Good communication is a central aspect to playwork, as well as everyday life.It is a skill which not only underpins almost every other social skill but it is particularly important when working with children and young people, and in turn th e adults associated with the play environment. Through communicating tellingly as playworkers, it encourages positive relationships with the adults and thus results in a proactive and efficient team between both playworker and parent. The importance of this cannot be understated, by having a solid team foundation between playworkers and parents, children will not only feel supported and comfortable, but are cautioned in their development.The key to puddle this solid foundation is through communicating trenchantly and clearly with the adults associated with the play setting. For compositors case, it is important that parents and carers are certified of any issues that may have arisen during the session, any difficulties their child is encountering, or if their child has behaved or responded particularly well to a certain situation. Essentially, this involves being updated on their childs general behaviour and well-being. The importance of clear communication can be evidenced he re.Being vague in superstars communications can lead to problems such as misunderstanding, the child being reprimanded for something they didnt do by parents, or by parents not jealous the full extent of the problem. Not only would this affect the support the child would receive, but many could argue that such misinterpretations or misunderstandings could result in battle between play setting and parent. When considering this from other perspective, effective communication with other team members and playworkers is equally essential.Playworkers need to feel that when asked to do something by another member of the team, or someone of higher position that they are doing as required and desired. In addition to this, they need to maintain and portray a team approach in everything conducted. By communicating percentages, responsibilities and issues effectively the team is able to work as a unit and thus provide the best care for the children in the play setting. By supporting the te am, communicating effectively and efficiently it watchs that problems are dealt with promptly so as not to impact on the running of the team and the setting.From this it can be noted that clear and effective communication not only benefits the playwork team as a whole, but in addition it marrow that an effective team approach between playworkers and parents can be attained. In doing so, this provides children with the best support possible. 5. 3 Summarise different strategies the playworker can use to communicate with adults who have communication difficulties The way in which one communicates with people should not be static. It is important that the style used is adjusted to meet the needs of both the situation and the person with whom one needs to communicate.In many cases communicating with a range of adults can be challenging, however this becomes more difficult when trying to communicate with those who have communication difficulties. present, a more circumstantial and pat ient method is required. There are a number of strategies that can be employed when dealings with those who have communication difficulties. Firstly it is essential that one remains patient, speaks clearly and allows the other person a chance not only to understand what is being said, but because to construct a response.The conditioning connect forward you direct similarly comes in to play here by making warmness contact and engaging the other person in conversation not only allows you to form a relationship, but it may be essential for those with communication difficulties. For instance, and adult who has hearing difficulties will need to see mouth movements to understand and will rely heaving on visual signs such as nervus facialis expressions. In addition to this, it is important, especially with adults, that one respects their difficulties, not pressuring them or treating them like a child.Achieving this takes practice but in doing so it ensures the other person feels respected, valued and understood. In some cases a more active style of communication may be necessary, such as physically demonstrating what is required by drawing or miming. Another strategy is to employ physical cues such as pictures, objects or photos which the adult can point to or respond with. In doing this, verbal speech is simply an aid, and for those who have difficulties in such an area it provides an external method of communication, and perhaps a better means of understanding.Alternatively, a translator may be required to assist the communication of confusing, difficult or complex issues and conversations. Written joint is another strategy which can be employed when dealing with adults who have communication difficulties. For some, written word is easier to process and understand than verbal conversations, and so this provides another means of communicating with those who have communication difficulties. One downside of this method is that those who are not native to t he language may struggle to comprehend written style. Utilising the call is another option and strategy.Those who suffer communication difficulties may be more aware of themselves in busy, strident and unknown environments which may impede their ability to understand as well as to respond. By utter on the phone it allows them to take in the information and construct their sentences in peace, in their own time and in the security that no one external is judging them. From this, it is evident that when communicating with adults who have communication difficulties there are a number of strategies that could be employed. Essentially it involves being understanding, precise and clear.Talking slowly but not in an exaggerated manner and simplifying our extended language abilities allowing them to not only understand what is being asked but at the same time feel respected and valued as an individual and not undermined due to their difficulties. 5. 4 Evaluate types of situations that migh t lead to encroach between playworkers and other adults Sometimes things go wrong. In any work place there are bound to be situations that arise which will result in conflict of some sort. People react differently to such situations depending on circumstances, but it is mportant to remember that differences of opinion are not necessarily a bad thing. There are many situations that may result in conflict between playworkers and other adults, as with anyone in society. It could be argued that one of the largest contributors to conflict is merely the result of miscommunication. Someone may take a comment the wrong way, not understand the context or may not have had the message properly passed on. As a result of this sour feelings such as resent, confusion or misunderstanding can lead to conflict between adults.In the case of the playwork setting, this could be between two playworkers with one person commenting on what is normally do in a helpful manner, with the other taking it as c ondescending, patronising or dictatorial. Another example of such a situation would be a playworker telling a parent about the way their child has behaved during the session. If this was not explained properly, or details were left out (such as it being started by another child) this could result in conflict between parent, child and playworker.Another effect of miscommunication is conflict due to lack of role explanation. If roles and responsibilities are not clearly and effectively outlined (miscommunicated), this could lead to false expectations from supervisors and thus result in conflict. For example if a supervisor expects a certain playworker to be doing the headcount and this is not achieved, conflict could occur as a result. Typical playwork situations which may cause conflict are about the decisions made or the actions taken by playworkers.If parents do not agree with or support such decisions it can often lead to a conflict over what is expected by the parent, versus what is required and expected from the playworker. Situations such as where a child has been hurt (falling from a swing, or injury from another child), damage to the childs equipment or clothes, or relations with other children are often the causes of conflict between playworkers and parents or carers. Here the playworker will follow policies and procedures, but the parent may not agree with the action or decision subsequently forming the foundations for conflict.As is often the case, conflict can occur because a person is coping with unrelated pressures. sustenance stressors, home issues etc may cause either parent or playworker to snap without reason. This can initiate feelings of resent, confusion, or misunderstanding, thus producing a conflict scenario. As evidenced, it can be noted that there are a number of types of situations which may result in conflict between adults in the play setting. Miscommunication, stressors, expectations and even own confidence in handling a situation can result in conflict between the adults within the setting. . 5 Explain different strategies the playworker can use to deal with conflict situations involving other adults. There are a number of strategies that can be employed when dealing with conflict situations. In many situations simply listening to the other person, attaining all the facts and showing an understanding is passable to dilute the problem. However if this is not the case, then there are other strategies which can be utilised. In many respects dealing with conflict situations with adults requires a similar approach to that of children.If emotions are tense the best way to manage conflict is to listen to the other person, cognise their feelings and show empathy and understanding of the issue. In acknowledging another persons feelings or point of view it can take the heat out of the conflict and thus allow a solution to be found, even if this involves stating I can see what you mean, but I cant agree with you ther e. By accepting and acknowledging another persons feelings, one can then ask them how they wish the issue to be resolved.In asking for their opinion it shows respect and highlights that their opinion is valued. Much like dealing with children in conflict, those adults in conflict can then work together in order to come to a viable solution for them both. In addition to this when dealing with parents or other playworkers it is important to thank them for bringing the matter to ones attention and check that the problem is understood fully. moreover if you believe there to be a misunderstanding, say so as this may be enough to resolve the conflict.It is important to talk in a private area, listen carefully, make eye contact, ensure that one remains polite and calm and that any apologies are made if necessary. Another important aspect to consider is to avoid personalising the issue (through comments made, or actions taken, or gossiping) as this can lead to it becoming more heated, inten se and appear like a personal vendetta. It is best to talk to the person directly before any more misunderstanding or misinterpretation can occur. In order to deal with miscommunications within the work place, one strategy that could be used it to write things down, a record of events.This is particularly germane(predicate) for when children are hurt in the play setting. By recording what happened, when and how it ensures that relevant people are provided with even up information that is the same across the board. Dealing with conflict due to confidence is hard. Essentially it is important that the supervisors acknowledge their teams skills, expertise and value within the playwork team. Conflict due to external pressure is also difficult. By observing other people as they talk to you can sometimes provide an singularity of whether other factors are at work.If this is the case, simply being sympathetic and a good listener can often take the heat out of a conflict potentially brewi ng. Essentially, when dealing with conflict in adults it is similar to the approach taken when dealing with children. It is important that one listens, shows understanding, respects the other persons differentiating view points, and that they work together to find a solution suiting to them both. In doing this, not only will it aid the conflict itself, but it almost acts as pre conflict management.

The History of Cake Making

Sharon Cassidy DT418/3 The History of Cake devising Lecturer Mary Kavanagh Introduction The purpose of this essay is to give a brief story of legal profession. firstly this essay give begin with the manifestations of the first barrooms in Egyptian times and its evolvement throughout emergent civilisations and their contribution to the nonion of cakes as we know them today. Influences much(prenominal) as colonisations, global trading and immig proportionalityn will withal be discussed to illustrate how the movement of chemical elements and methods contributed to the fusion of culinary knowledge.This report will also detect advancements in engine room to aid both the domestic and commercial baker, and how consumer trends reserve changed dramatic altogethery throughout history. job According to Humble(2010) evidence from archaeological digs from our Neolithic ancestors break shown that cakes in some gen successionl anatomy or other were universe made then, although th ese early endeavours be a far cry from our perception of what a cake is today. These ancient cakes would read been would fuddle been made from little more than crushed grains , miscellaneous with water supply and made into rounds and baked on a hot stone.They would have been real crude and flat as leavening agents had not yet been discovered in fact the word cake is also utilize to describe something that is flat and compacted much(prenominal) as a cake of soap. Humble (2010) also writes that these so called cakes would have been the precursor to the oatcakes we have today but be now catego inceptiond as a biscuit. Castella(2010) writes that very little is known about the culinary experiences of these times as there are not lots pen about feed prior to the eighteenth century, however some records exist in the form of tomb drawings, tax records, Greek plays and shipping and military records.It is thought that approximately 5,000 B. C. the Egyptians accidentally discover ed how to get along leavened popsicle. There are some theories surrounding this discovery such as a concoction of flour and water were left outside for some time and caught internal yeast from the air cause bubbles of gas to appear in the mixture which was then utilize in the making of some bread , or some watery that was universe used to make beer was also used in the making of bread, either scenarios would have resulted in a risen or leavened bread that must have been a commodious improvement on the hard and tough bread that had been previously eaten.The Egyptians are assign with mellisonantening these breads with honey commencing the evolvement of the cake(www. theoldfoodie. com) . The cakes began to be associated with religious ceremonies of which there are tomb paintings showing such scenes involving breads/cakes of unhomogeneous shapes such as rings, fish, crescents and birds universe offered to the Gods. The Greeks were very creative with their cakes by advancin g on the Egyptians innovations by adding fruits desire dates and figs and nuts such as pistachio and pine nuts . The Greeks are also being attributed with the art of cheesecakes which were made with goats milk.The Greeks were great innovators when it came to cake making and in fact bake became a trained profession with the emergence of a strict bakers guild (Castella, 2010) which lasted for several centuries. During the rise of the Roman Empire the Romans took what the Greeks had started with cook and improved it further bringing their innovative techniques with them on military campaigns and thus spreading new methods across Europe, they in turn also collected new ideas, ingredients and tools with which they combined to invent new recipes and formulas.Medieval to Modern Cake Making The beginning of the Medieval time period saw an increase in population and the emergence of cities and towns. There was now a greater claim for food and crops were now grown in surplus to suppl y litigateers in the towns. F regionrin and Montanari(1999) write that this gave route to market places being set up in the main thoroughfare of towns and crafts such as bread making were develop on a vaingloriousr scale.As a majority people no longer had land themselves to produce their own food they had to rely on the markets for their food supply. One of the almost important ingredient discoveries made in relation to baking was dulcorate. Although it originated in new-fashioned Guinea it was the Indians who perfected the methods of processing the sugar cane which the Arab traders brought back to the Middle East. Due to explorers and crusades a huge array of new exotic lavours were being brought back to Europe such as spices, fruits nuts and of course sugar. An example of this was Gingerbread a spicy lovely cake became enormously popular during the Middle Ages which the crusaders brought back with them. Sugar was highly valued and was thought of a medicinal ingredient du ring this era and was frequently prescribed by doctors in the form of sweetened cakes to patients to restore many ailments. It was however only addressable to the upper classes dapple bothone else still used honey as a sweetener.As sugar became more popular some religious figures deemed it to be evil and was proscribed however Thomas Aquinas declared that sweets were not actually foods so cakes could now be eaten on religious feast days giving rise to specific cakes being associated with religious holidays. The Medieval Courts advance elaborate banquets with highly decorated food, cakes would often be covered in gold leaf, silver and tear down gemstones (Flandrin and Montanari 1999) .According to Richard Sax (1994) it wasnt until the 16th century that cakes and sweet dishes were served at the end of the meal, where previously sweet and savoury courses were mixed and often were incorporated into the same meal. From approximately the 13th to 17th century advancements in agricul tural improvements and change magnitude overseas trade, the once exotic and uncommon ingredients became widely available and encouraged baking to become more widespread, eating cakes would now become a daily occurrence rather than bonnie for religious or special occasions.Cakes were becoming more and more enriched with butter, eggs, cream and being heavily fruited and spiced, and tinplate encircle were beginning to be used to shape and mould cakes making them easier to bake and serve (Peter Brears 1985). As written by Adamson (2004), using moulds to give cakes a distinctive shape was especially popular in Germany where such tins as a Turks Head Pan were used and continues to be used to this day for making Gugelhupf. - During the mid(prenominal) 1700s yeast was being replaced with eggs as the main source of leavening cakes.This would have taken a huge amount of time in order to whip eggs by peck (sometimes up to an hour) to get to the level of aeration that was needed. This meth od however resulted in a much take fireer cake made possible from the amount of air incorporated during the beating of the eggs. An example of a cake from this era is the pound cake peed in England and used equal quantities of flour, butter, and sugar, and of course eggs to be used as the aerating agent, (http//whatscookingamerica. net). -The 1800s saw improvements in milling technologies to give more refined flours, superior ovens were being produced with breach temperature control and the creation of baking powder by Alfred Bird when he combined bicarbonate of popping with cream of tartar to formulate one of the most significant inventions which has had long lasting effect on baking be it in the foundation or in industry. (Pam Corbin 2011) Baking powder took the hard work out of baking and cakes made from around this time are more akin to what we class as modern day cakes today.Other culinary tools such as hand held egg beaters were now being people produced along with cookb ooks which no housewife would be without. - By the early 1900s baking technology made huge advancements and as early as the1920s the boxed cake mix was invented. ecumenical Mills an American company developed the brand Betty Crocker which by the 1940s exploded on to the market with their just add water and mix method. They became hugely popular with housewives as they were timesaving and cost effective. The 1900s also saw the rise in planetary house cake decorating which previously had only been done by professionals, cake decorator Dewey McKinley Wilton set up a cake decorating school, and eventually manufactured and sold decorating products which paved the way for the booming multi billion dollar businesses that exists today. - - Ingredients - Baking employs carefully balanced formulas.What goes into a flour based baked good either strengthens/toughens (proteins and starches), weakens/tenderizes ( planks and sugars), moistens (any water containing ingredient), dries, or leavens it, however without heat and water, the important chemical and physical reactions wouldnt take place. There are four basic ingredients that are used in cake baking flour, fat, sugar and eggs, however any combi tribe of these added with leavening agents, liquids and flavourings can result in thousands of recipes with completely unalike look, feel and taste from each other. Flour - Flour is the primary structure builder in cakes and is used to bind all of the other ingredients together. Cake flour is milled from soft wheat giving it a protein content of approximately 6-8%. Wheat flourcontains two very important proteins, glutenin and gliadin, when mixed with moisture and stirred, create gluten strands, which set when baked, however these gluten strands can also lead to a tough, dry cake if the flour is mixed for too long.There are many types of flour used in cake making the most popular being cream flour (contains and acid), plain flour and self increase flour (contains baking pow der), However there are numerous other flours on the market today that can be used. Hi-ratio flour has been specially formulated for the commercial bakery which can allow maximum sugar and liquid absorption resulting in higher yield and increase profits. - - Fat -Fats come in two forms solid(butter, trim back and margarine) and liquid(oil). Adding fat to a cake mixture can do several things, the action of beating/creaming the fat , such as butter with sugar will incorporate air bubbles allowing the batter to be light and aid in the leavening process. Fat also has a tenderising effect and increases the keeping qualities of the cake. Fats also have a shortening effect as it shortens the gluten strands. It contributes to a smooth mouth feel and flavour especially in the case of butter.Fats help to keep food products moist and extend shelf life. - - bollock - Eggs add colour, flavour and nutrition to baked goods. The protein in the egg celebrates air and acts as a raising agent when whipped before other ingredients are added. The lecithin in egg yolks is an emulsifying agent that acts during mixing to assist with attach the ingredients together and tenderising.When baked, eggs coagulate causing them to set. - - Sugar - Sugar plays a vital role in cake baking as it im plowshares Sweetness to the cake mixture. Usually Caster sugar is used as their smaller granules dissolve quickly especially when its creamed together with fat this action causes the sugar to hold air and acts as a raising agent.During baking the sugar caramelises causing the cake to colour and cook because sugar is also ahygroscopic substance it helps with a recipes moisture retention and thus increases its shelf life by slowing the staling process (www. baking911. com) - Other ingredients that can be incorporated with the ones listed above are endless, some examples are - Dairy milk, buttermilk, cream, cheese and sour cream Fruits lemons, oranges, limes, dried fruits, cherries and mixed peel - kookie almonds, pecans, hazelnuts, peanuts, coconut and walnuts - Flavourings Chocolate, Vanilla, almond extract, spices and alcohol - - - International Practices Krystina Castella (2010) writes in her book A world of Cake that either celebration around the world is accompanied by cake that embodies the rituals of that point society, and that every culture globally has their own version of cakes that symbolize the customs and customss of their respective histories. Ancient civilisations all offered cakes to their gods and so throughout history became an intact part of religious and other holiday customs of different ethnicities.Of course the recipes change from unsophisticated to country and even from town to town but generally these traditional cake customs are still alive today if though slightly evolved from their first beginnings. Here are some samples of celebrations from around the world and an example of the type of cakes that are still eaten at that time - China Mid- autumn festival Mooncakes - Mexico twenty-four hours of the Dead Pan de Meurto - India Diwali Gulab Jamun France Bastille Day Opera Gateaux - Italy Liberation Day Cassata U. S. A Shrove Tuesday juvenile Orleans nance Cake Ireland Easter Hot Cross Buns Many recipes were developed because of the ingredients that were available in that particular region and what methods were accessible at the time, mass immigration/emigration globally played an enormous part as can be seen with the discovery of the New World which brought with it a diversity of people from all corners of the globe to contribute to the birth of America.This assortment of cultures resulted in the amalgamation of traditional recipes brought from the home country such as Scottish scones becoming American shortcakes, Dutch fried cakes became doughnuts and German streusel became American buckle cake. The Amish community, who were German settlers, brought their no frills baking concept with them and famous American cakes such as Funnel cakes and Angel food cakes derive from the Amish people.The Jewish settlers from middle and Eastern Europe have made a huge dissemble on baking practices especially in America where a great proportion of them made a new home in New York. The renowned New York cheesecake can be attributed to Reubens delicatessen which were the first to substitute cottage cheese for cream cheese and according to Amander Hessner (2010) was a detail that outlined the New York cheesecake that went on to win them a gold medal at the 1929 World Fair.Jacob Kenedy (2011) writes that turbulent histories have left a positive involve in culinary terms in some regions such as the French leaving behind the techniques of fine viennoiserie and patisseries, helping to make Naples one of the capitals of Italian desserts. In Britain Queen Victoria made popular the custom of high tea, a very dignified tradition of eating sweet dishes and drinking tea which initiated the development of numerous new rec ipes for cakes and sweet treats, and although the ritual is not part of every day life today, people still associate having something sweet to eat while having a cup of tea.Domestic, Plant and Boutique Style Bakeries Up until the mid 20th Century the majority of cakes that were baked were made by housewives and small local bakeries, however the emergence of the supermarket had a massive impact on the buying and eating patterns of the public. As mentioned above such products as cake mixes were now available to help the harried housewife, along with frozen desserts which were now available due to advances in technology allowing every home to have refrigeration and freezer capabilities.The establishment of Womens Lib afforded women the freedom to work outside of the home contributing to the now emerging gap in the market for convenience foods. By the 1960s huge advances were been made to eliminate fermentation time in bread making by mechanical and chemical means, and naturally methods were also being developed to improve cake production on a mass scale. Unfortunately in order to produce cake viable for sale for longer periods of time baffling the introduction of emulsifiers, stabilisers and other additives to increase their shelf life.Flour was also been chlorinated to produce a high ratio flour that could absorb higher quantities of sugar and liquid allowing a higher profit margin for producers. blue demand for ready made baked goods saw the rise of small bakeries in Ireland nonetheless it has been argued that Irelands entry into the EEC played a part in the decline of these bakeries due to European large plant bakeries flooding the market with cheaper products. The Celtic tiger grades of Ireland however saw a revival meeting of sorts to the traditional and artisan baking.This resurgence can be attributed to several reasons, Kavanagh(2008) states her beliefs as follows individuals have travelled and are aware of standards and choice elsewhere thus seeking va riety on their return she also explains increased disposable income has meant that the consumer is more quality and health conscious and seeks organic, fresh, and local produce an indication of the increase in the number of farmers markets emerging Chef Clodagh McKenna explains that artisan producers and farmers markets have played their part in regenerate local economies by encouraging employment and bringing forth a new generation of arouse people. Health, nutrition and consumption trends In an article written by Miriam Tuomey(2011) for Bord bia, it has been found that the sale of home baking products in Ireland, has grown by 8. 1% to reach a value of almost 63m in the year ended 23 Jan 2011, according to Kantar. (www. bordbia. e) This trend in home baking can also be attributed to enormous food dedicated programmes on television where chefs and bakers are now afforded celebrity status and home baking has now become officially cool Another aspect driving consumption trends is th e increased awareness of health implications from certain ingredients used in baked products. There is greater demand for natural ingredients as apposed to some of the ingredients in massed produced goods such as preservatives, flavourings, colourings, artificial sweeteners, stabilisers and modified starches. Through scientific and medical checkup advances, more is known about wheat intolerance and coeliac disease and the baking industry has responded by producing gluten-free baked products, other products are also being produced to suit the nourishmentary needs of people who are lactose intolerant, have allergies such as egg and nuts, for diabetics and for people who generally want to follow a healthy lifestyle. ConclusionCake has started off as a basic nutritional addition to the diet of ancient civilisations and has progressed to play a vital role in the development of cultures and traditions and visa versa. They are an integral part of modern and traditional celebrations, brin ging people together, be it for a religious festival, a wedding, or a birthday. The fusion of cultures and the opening of global markets have meant that everyone now has access to ingredients, recipes, tools and knowledge from every nation and the modern baker has the world of cake at their feet. - - References - Adamson,M. (2004) Food in Medieval Times Greenwood Press, capital of the United Kingdom - Brears, P. (1985) Food and Cooking in 17th Century Britain History and Recipes Peter Brears and English Heritage, London - Castella,K, (2010) A World of Cake, Storey Publishing, M. A. - Corbin, P. (2011) The River Cottage Cakes Handbook Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London - Flandrin, J,L, and Montanari,M (1999) Food a Culinary History, capital of South CarolinaUniversity Press, New York - Hessner, A. (2010) The Essential New York Times Cook Book, Classic Recipes for a New Century W. W. Norton and company, New York - Humble,N. (2010) Cake a Global History, Reaktion books, London - Kavana gh, M. (2008) Curriculum Evolution at the Department of Baking technology (National Bakery School), D. I. T, Kevin Street,1998-2008 What Factors Have Brought About a Change in the Curriculum M. A thesis capital of Ireland Institute of Technology - Kenedy, J. 2011) Bocca Cookbook Bloomsbury, London - McKenna, C. (n. d. ) The Irish Farmers Market Cookbook, Collins - Sax, R. (1994) Classic Home Desserts Houghton Mifflin Company, New York - How Baking works (n. d. ) online Available http//www. baking911. com/howto/how_baking_works. htm Accessed 5th October, 2011 - Toumey, M. (2011) Homebaking Products show further Growth online Available http//www. bordbia. ie/industryservices/ data/alerts/Pages/Homebakingstillgrowing. spx Accessed 21st October, 2011 - http//whatscookingamerica. net/history/cakes online accessed 4th October, 2011 - www. theoldfoodie. com/2010/10/brief-history-ofcakes. html online Accessed 4th October, 2011 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -