Americas Abortion Debate Essay -- Abortion

Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in the United States today. According to oxford dictionary, abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks. The two factions involved in this controversy are poles apart in their views on abortion: where as the pro-choice movement contends that a woman’s right to abortion is absolute, the pro-life movement asserts that a fetus’s right to life is indisputable. The argument has become very pronounced since the U.S Supreme Court ruling in the year 1973 in Roe V. Wade, which legalized abortion. According to the ruling, a woman’s right to abortion outweighed the rights of a nonviable fetus and prohibited the State interference. In addition to the fact that pro-choicers have always praised Roe for recognizing that a woman’s right to control her body is more important than a fetus’s right to life, this idea is also supported by different organizat ions such as Alan Guttmatcher Institute (AGI) whose mission is â€Å"to protect the reproductive choices of all women and men in the United States and throughout the world.† (Par 1) While some people believe that abortion is immoral others argue that it is a woman’s right to have full control of her body. A typical pro-life believer argues that fetuses posses a characteristic such as a genetic code that is both necessary and sufficient for being human. This idea is mostly propagated by the principle of the Roman Catholic Church â€Å"In 1995 Pope John Paul II officially condemned abortion in his â€Å"Evangelium Vitae,† calling it a villainous crime that kills an innocent human being† (Knapp Pg 16) and supported by many fundamentalist protestants groups, though not by majority of Catholics an... ...ciples, the pro-choice position is certainly not obviously wrong. Consequently, when abortion advocates try to make the argument more or less probable, they call for pro-life citizens to completely cease from bringing the legitimate idea of freedom to life for the purpose of protecting the unborn from harm, these abortion-choice supporters are by so doing encouraging their fellow pro-choice citizens to silently and politely remain firm that the unborn are not fully fledged members of the human community therefore are not entitled to protection by the state. To the opponent of abortion, this request hardly seems tolerant or liberating. Works Cited Francis J. Beckwith Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Lynette Knapp: The Abortion Controversy San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2001

Define Project

[pic] Topic 1: Define project What is a project? A project is the defined set of planned and managed activities carried out for a period of time — with a defined start and end date. A project is designed to yield a set of products or services as agreed with the project clients and stakeholders. It has a lifecycle which is the process by which the project is undertaken. Five features that differentiate projects from ordinary work are that they: †¢ have defined beginning and end dates †¢ have a unique purpose with specific objectives that meet the client goals and requirements within specified quality and performance criteria use resources, such as money, time, people and equipment that have been allocated to the project †¢ usually follow a planned and structured approach to meet their objectives †¢ have a primary sponsor or stakeholder who provides direction and funding. Projects can be simple and easily handled by one person or large and complex projects re quiring many resources and the specialised skills of a dedicated project manager and team. What is project management? Project management is about striving to meet specific time, cost, quality and resource objectives.At the same time it must facilitate the entire process so as to meet the needs and expectations of all people affected by project activities. Project management is about making change through the use of techniques, tools and resources that manage change throughout the life of the project. Project management involves the project manager and team applying knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to achieve the requirements of the project. It is a continuous process utilising planning, organising, monitoring and controlling in all aspects of the project to achieve external and internal objectives.It also encompasses the closure and evaluation of the project. Managing a project includes: ? identifying the requirements of the project ? establishing clear and achievable objectives ? balancing demands for quality, scope, time and cost ? adapting the specifications, plans and approach to meet the different concerns and expectations of the stakeholders ? closing and evaluating the project Below is an overview of the aspects of a project that need to be determined and developed. What to determine |What this involves | |Project scope |Identify and plan the objectives, desired outcomes, limitations and budget. | |Timeline |Determine the time within which the project is to be completed—involves | | |planning, estimating, scheduling and controlling. A schedule for the life of | | |the project is developed. |Costs |Determine the costs associated with successful projection completion. This | | |involves cost estimation and forecasting, cost budgeting, cost control and cost| | |applications. A budget is developed. | |Quality processes, systems and outcomes |Construct a quality management plan. | |Human resources |Human resources are re quired for project tasks, eg for organising resources, | | |managing staff performance and leading the project team, etc.A human resource | | |management plan is developed. | |Communications processes |Ensure all parties with an interest in the project are kept up-to-date | | |throughout the life of the project. A communications plan is constructed. | |Risks and any uncertainty with processes |Risks need to be: identified, analysed, evaluated, treated, monitored and | |or achievement |reviewed.A risk management plan is constructed. | |Goods, services or support |Identify what goods, services and support are needed and determine who will be | | |the best person (or people) to provide these. It also involves developing | | |effective interpersonal relationships and finalising any contracts or | | |understandings. The procurement needs for the project will need to be outlined. |All the elements outlined above will need to be integrated with each other in line with the process and proce dures of the organisation. This involves acknowledging and considering how the different functions within the project interrelate — as well as how the project interrelates with the organisation. The project lifecycle What is a project’s lifecycle — or the process by which it is undertaken? The phases in a project lifecycle are: †¢ Phase 1: Initiation and concept †¢ Phase 2: Planning and development †¢ Phase 3: Implementation and execution Phase 4: Finalisation and review. The Initiation and Concept Phase In the initiation phase of a project, the following needs to occur: †¢ Write a description of the project concept/background †¢ Identify stakeholders †¢ Identify project objectives †¢ Define the scope of work to be carried out †¢ Agree to the development of the broad strategy — which identifies preliminary agreed phases, milestones and deliverables †¢ Identify constraints and assumptions †¢ Develop the pre liminary budget †¢ Develop the preliminary risks assessment Develop the broad quality plan †¢ Develop a broad communications plan. |Workplace Learning Activity | |Find out about the range in the types of projects that are managed by your organisation (or one with which you are familiar). | |How do they vary in size and complexity as well as in their aims and objectives? | |Talk to your mentor or colleagues with project management experience about their projects (current or completed). |Begin with general questions such as: | |What do they see as the characteristics of a project? | |How was the project initiated? | The project manager With responsibilities spanning the entire lifecycle of the project — from its planning, implementation, monitoring and control through to its closing and evaluation — the project manager is key to the success of the project. The project manager must have the ability to: build relationships with all key stakeholders, including man agement, clients, suppliers as well as team members †¢ build and lead an effective team — this will include motivating team members (eg by reinforcing to each person that they play an important role and by being optimistic and enthusiastic) †¢ manage interpersonal relationships †¢ problem-solve and make decisions †¢ negotiate with others to meet their needs as well as those of the project †¢ empathise with clients †¢ develop a vision for the project that can be sold to the team and key stakeholders †¢ exercise a high degree of professionalism †¢ communicate with all stakeholders provide reports as required. |Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in setting up a project in your workplace, clarify the following: | |What is the role of the project manager? | |If you are not the project manager, what is your role within the project? | |Here is another suggestion for workplace learning: | |Interview a project manager to find out what their role was within a recently-completed project.Ask them about the: | |characteristics of a good project manager | |skills and knowledge they needed in order to function as an effective project manager. | Define project stakeholders Knowing who the stakeholders are is critical to any project. Stakeholders are individuals or organisations who have an interest in, or involvement with, the project. Stakeholders have an impact on or are affected by the project. To ensure support for a project, the stakeholders must be identified as early as possible in a project lifecycle.Project team responsibilities As the project manager, you need to clearly identify the limits of each project team member’s responsibility. Questions to ask include: †¢ What is the overall responsibility of the project manager? †¢ What is the responsibility of individual project team members? †¢ How will changes to project specifications, deliverables, scheduling, resource usage, and other aspects of the project be managed? †¢ Who is responsible for each of these? Each team member should have clearly defined responsibilities to ensure that they understand what they are—and are not—allowed to do.Otherwise one person may go off and approve changes that have not been authorised and cause the project to go in the wrong direction, go over budget, or eventually fail. Project reporting requirements When you are developing or reviewing the scope of a project, make sure to include reporting guidelines, such as when to report to the project sponsor, stakeholders and project team. (It should be on a regular basis. ) There are a few different ways to meet reporting requirements; you may need to use several of these methods together: hold project team meetings where each team member reports on the progress of the project †¢ hold a sponsor or stakeholder meetings where you report on the progress of the project †¢ provide written reports †¢ send email reports †¢ use the reporting facilities in any project management software you may be using. Reporting requirements for a project are put in place to ensure that all those involved are kept up-to-date with the project’s progress. They also provide the opportunity to report any changes or unforeseen events. This means that such things can be rectified quickly—before they get out of hand.The important thing is that everyone involved has a clear understanding of their reporting requirements, and that these requirements are met. |Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in setting up a project in your workplace, keep notes on the process of working with | |stakeholders. To get you started with your notes, here are some questions that you could address: | |Who are the stakeholders? | |What are the issues that need to be clarified with stakeholders? |What are the benefits of involving stakeholders? | |What are the rights and obligations o f stakeholders? If you are a project manager (or managing part of the project), what are| |your obligations to stakeholders? | Access project scope and other relevant information Before commencing a project, there is a need for you to get a good understanding of the exact objectives of the project and the scope of work required to be done in order to achieve each objective. The following will need to be understood: †¢ Why is the project being undertaken? †¢ Are there limitations that may restrict the way the project is carried out? Exactly what is expected to done (or achieved)? What is not expected to be done? †¢ Will adequate resources be available? †¢ Where and when will resources be needed? †¢ What is the cost of the project? †¢ Is the client (or organisation) comfortable with the suggested strategy for spending the project money? The project manager will also need an agreement about the support that will be given to the project. Prepare the project scope definition and scope document The project manager may be asked to prepare the scope definition and scope document or be given one to follow.The project manager is usually involved in developing the scope. The scope should be as specific as possible and tell all stakeholders exactly what is to be achieved on completion of the project. |Scope document — checklist | |The following should always be included in a scope document: | |Background — overview of project | |Objectives to be achieved — i. . both primary and secondary objectives | |Scope definition — as stated above the scope should be as specific as possible and tell all stakeholders exactly what is to| |be achieved on completion of the project | |Broad strategy for achievement of projects — phases | |Constraints around which project is to work | |Exclusions showing what work is not to be done |Assumptions and questions to be answered | |Related projects that may have an effect on yo ur project — or projects that may be affected by your project | |Preliminary budget | |Preliminary risk assessment | |Broad plans for communication and quality (may also be included). | A scope document shows the scope, or extent, of a project.Let’s look at the key sections and an example of a project scope document. [pic] The things you will find in a project scope document Key sections of a scope document |Section |Details | |Scope statement or definition |This clearly states the project goal, objectives and deliverables. If it is not | | |specified in the scope statement then it is outside the scope of the project and | | |is not relevant.Project tasks should only address work that is relevant to the | | |project goal and objectives. | |Project constraints |These are any limiting factors that prevent the project from moving in a | | |particular path. Examples include: | | |You have dependent tasks that impact on specific areas of the project, for | | |example, tasks that cannot begin unless another one has started. | |You have a deadline that cannot be changed. | | |The implementation work for a system upgrade can only be done on the weekend, | | |when staff are not at work. | |Assumptions |These are aspects that the project manager builds into the scope document to | | |allow for any uncertainties that may occur. Examples of assumptions include: | | |Fifteen new personal computers need to be purchased for the project. | |All staff need yearly training in OHS. | | |All resources for the project will be sourced from outside of the company. | |Tasks list |You need to specify a list of tasks (and deliverables) to be achieved during the | | |project. They are all the activities that need to take place to bring the project| | |to completion.The deliverables include all the documentation, reports, contracts| | |and products that need to be produced and signed-off on by those in authority. | |Estimates (cost, time and |You need to make initial estima tes in relation to cost, time and human resource | |human resources) |requirements. These identify the boundaries of the project to enable you to | | |expand into the more detailed estimates that are needed to develop the full | | |project plan. |Contract statement |This will include the names of those authorised to initiate contract work, sign | | |contracts and completion acceptances. It also includes any contractual | | |limitations and penalty statements for possible contract variations. (Variations | | |and penalties apply equally to the client and providers. ) | The following is an example of a scope document, in this case for a project to install animal litter bins in local parks. Sample scope document Project Scope | |Project Information (Please complete all) | |Project Sponsor |Project Name | |Bob Smith |Animal litter bins | |General Manager | | |Sponsoring Department/Client | |Directive from Council Meeting | |Parks & Gardens | |Project Leader | |Arens Sirkel | |Sco pe the project | |The project will encompass the installing of animal litter bins and bag dispensers in all council parks. The bins | |and bags are to be purchased from Animal Litter Limited after recommendations from neighbouring councils.The | |project is to be completed within six weeks at an all up cost not exceeding $24,000. | |Description of the project | |(What is the vision? What will the finished product look like? ) | |The animal litter bins will be installed in prominent locations in each park, while also being close to entrances | |to allow efficient removal of waste by our waste management contractor. | |Identify the strategic objectives which relate to this project | |To reduce animal litter by encouraging owners to pick up after their pets. |Identify the main target audience | |Pet owners. | |What are the intended outcomes/deliverables of the project? | |That pet owners will use the bags provided to clean up their pets’ litter and deposit the bags in the bins | |provided, other bins or their own bins at home. | |What are the particular aspects of the project? | |Installation of bins. | |Other comments | |Collection of waste and replacement of bags has been contracted to our waste management contractor. | |A public awareness campaign will be conducted by council after the bins have been installed. |Proposed project timeline | | |Dates/Time |Notes | |Project lifespan: include dates or total time | | | |required for completion | | | |Phase 1: Scoping and feasibility |not required |Directed by council, scoped| | | |by General Manager | |Phase 2: Planning |4 days | | |Phase 3: Implementation |3 weeks | | |Phase 4: Evaluation |2 days | | |Proposed budget | |Detail proposed budget or financial constraints for the project. |Overtime wages/contractor payments $ 7,000 | |Bins & posts $ 15,000 | |Materials (cement, etc) $ 2,000 | |Scope signoff | | | |This scope has been approved by: Bob Smith_____________________ Project Sponsor | | | |Depa rtment: General Manager Date_____/_____/_____ | Use the scope document during the whole project It is a good idea to revisit the scope document while the project is running, to check that the project is meeting its objectives and to make sure that activities are within its scope. During the plan phase you should use the scope document as a basis to expand into a detailed activity list of the project deliverables. Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in a team that is setting up a project in your workplace, keep notes on the scoping process. To | |get you started with your notes, here are questions you could address: | |What does a project scope define? | |Who was involved in identifying the scope? What tools were used to describe the scope? | |What was involved in risk management planning? | |How will the scope provide a foundation for subsequent steps in the project? | |How was it carried out? How long did the process take? |Here are other suggestions for work place learning: | |Find out about project scoping procedures in your organisation (or one you are familiar with) | |Ask your mentor or colleagues involved in project scoping if you could sit in on their scoping meetings or join the project | |scoping team. | |Speak to people in your organisation about how the scope for their projects was identified. | |Identify a small project that you could manage as part of your work — and develop a scope definition (this could come in | |useful for you later). | Seek clarification of issues related to the project and parameters With any project, there is a project sponsor (or sponsors) — a person or organisation who might be a backer or financier.A project sponsor’s role includes the ones below: †¢ provides a single point of reference regarding management decisions †¢ reports project progress to boards and top management. †¢ provides clarification of any issues related to project and project parameters. Note t hat there may also be other stakeholders, eg, the main client, funding body, or manager who may also need to be contacted for clarification at regular intervals throughout a project. |Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in a project team in your workplace, answer the questions below.Alternatively, obtain answers to| |these questions from a project manager in your organisation (or one you are familiar with). | |Who is the project sponsor (or sponsors)? | |What are the types of issues would you need to clarify with a sponsor? | |Apart from the sponsor, are there any other stakeholders who you can approach for clarification about aspects of the project? | Clarify relationship of the project to other projects and the organisation’s objectives It is important that the project manager and team understand how the project they are working on fits in with the organisation and other related projects that may be in progress. In your workplace, you will probably fi nd that there are a number of projects that are running concurrently.They may be completely self-contained projects — with no one project having any bearing on any of the others. However, the following may also occur: †¢ Your project may need to be completed before another can begin — or vice versa (your project will not be able to begin before the other project is completed) †¢ Allocation of resources such as staff, funds and equipment, may be affected, eg there may be tools or templates developed for one project that will be used or adapted for the new project. It is good policy to establish a relationship with other project managers especially where the project they are working on has bearing on the new project. Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in a project team within in your workplace, answer these questions below. | |How does the project you are working on fit in the organisation? | |What other projects are related to this proj ect and how? | |Here is another suggestion: | |Interview a project manager to find out how they identified other projects that had a bearing on the project they have | |recently completed in the workplace. | |. | Determine and access available resources to undertake the projectThe resources that are generally utilised within projects are: †¢ people — internal staff and sometimes contractors and other staff external to the organisation †¢ tools and equipment †¢ time †¢ raw materials †¢ money. In order to identify the resources needed for a project, you will, firstly, need to determine what tasks will need to be carried out to arrive at the project outcomes. Achieving your project objectives means blending activities and tasks to be carried out with time and funds available. The ‘work breakdown structure’ (WBS) is a complete list of all the work that needs to be carried out to achieve the milestones, phases and/or objectives of the project. A WBS will allow the planning sequence of activities and tasks and where they have a dependency on other activities and tasks. From the WBS, the schedule, resources and the cost of the project will be determined. A WBS will also lead to an understanding of the overall project. A WBS can take one of two approaches — either a top-down approach or a bottom-up approach: †¢ Top-down approach — The objectives are analysed to determine the phases the project must go through as it moves towards completion. A logical break-up of phases might be on the basis of major decision points or milestones. †¢ Bottom-up approach — This approach is a reverse of the top-down approach. Tasks to meet the project objective are determined and grouped with related tasks to form activities.Activities are then grouped to form project phases in logical sequences. This allows resources, duration and dependencies to be allocated at the task level. The cost of the individual resources will need to be calculated in order to determine the overall costs and budget for the project. How long a task will take will affect the cost of the project. Once the WBS is determined, calculations can be made for each task incorporating time allotted for each task as well as the resources and staff required. A dollar value is applied to each task and the sum total becomes the budget. In the initiation phase, a preliminary budget is prepared for the resources required and this is then detailed fully in the project plan. Workplace Learning Activity | |If you are already involved in a project team in your workplace, answer the questions below. | |How were the resources identified for the project? | |What resources will be required for this project? | |What staff (and skills) is required for the project? | |How did you prepare the work breakdown structure? | |Here are other suggestions for workplace learning: | |Interview a project manager to find out how they identified the resourc es for the project they have recently completed in the| |workplace.Also ask of the project manager the questions outlined above. | |View documentation that was compiled to identify resources within a project. | More resources For a comprehensive list of current readings and websites for Topic 1 – Define Project – please see the OLS for this unit and see Additional Resources and Websites. ———————– Contents What is a project? 1 Define project stakeholders 6 Access project scope and other relevant documentation 8 Seek clarification of issues relating to the project and parameters 15 Clarify relationship of project to other projects and organisation’s objectives 16 Determine and access available resources to undertake project 18 More resources 19

Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1554 Words

Madison Franklin English 203 Echols 20 October 2014 Revenge on Mankind In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, the being created by Victor Frankenstein has been cast out due to his horrid appearance and the gruesome way in which he came to be. The monster finds refuge in a hovel next to a small family living in Germany. One day he notices a leather satchel in the yard, he quickly gathers the satchel and its contents and returns to his hovel. The bag contained strictly books, one of them being John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost†. After observing the family for some time, he attains the ability to read and speak. With this ability he reads all the books within the bag, and feels a profound connection between himself and Satan in â€Å"Paradise Lost†. Similar to the monster, Satan was cast out of heaven after betraying God by planning a revolt against him. Both characters were formed, cast out, and betrayed by their creators, due to differing circumstances. However, in the wake of their rejections they both vow revenge on mankind. Victor Frankenstein creates his creature in a makeshift laboratory that he constructed in his apartment. He gathered bits and pieces of body parts from multiple corpses to produce the ideal being. However, it caused Victor a great deal of agony to see the creature in its animate form. The creature was immediately cast out by Victor and fled from the apartment and into the forest. The creature seeks refuge in the hovel, and through a peephole in the wall;Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. 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The Current Situation Of Bangladesh - 1095 Words

Background: Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic with an elected parliament called Jatiyo Sangshad. It gained its independence from Pakistan in 1971 and has, since then, seen alteration of civilian and military regimes. After the independence, the new state endured poverty, famine, political turmoil and military coups. The current situation in Bangladesh is embedded in the history and political situation of the country. In 2001, when the Awami League lost the elections to the Bangladesh Nationalist party, widespread political unrest followed the resignation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). However, the military backed â€Å"caretaker† government worked out to bring the parties for the elections within the required amount of time, but the Awami League withdrew from the elections at the very last minutes. Therefore the caretaker government lasted from 2007 to 2008. The country had suffered for decades from widespread corruption, chaos, and political aggression. The caret aker government worked to fight and demolish corruption from all levels of government. It arrested more than 160 people on charges of corruption including politicians, civil servants and businessman. It is worth mentioning that during these years the caretaker government ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It also undertook institutional reforms such as reconstitution of the Anti-Corruption Commission, of the Electoral Commission and the separation of powers. InShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Bangladeshi Bank Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages Future of Bangladeshi Bank Introduction Commercial banks, non-bank financial institution, insurance companies etc. are the main elements to build the financial sector of Bangladesh. The main role is played by banks in the financial sector of Bangladesh. Bank is the financial institution that deals with money through depositing money and then channels those funds into loaning activities. 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Introduction: GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is indicator of a nation’s economic Growth- Measured by the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. Through GDP growth we can measure the economic growth, especially very much useful indicating tools for measuring growth in the least developed countries (LDCs), like Bangladesh, Haiti, Samoa, Afghanistan, Sudan, ZambiaRead MoreImpact of Garment Industries on the Economy of Bangladesh1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe economy of Bangladesh: Introduction: Bangladesh is currently one of the 12 largest exporters of garments products in U.S.A and U.K. In spite of this, the real situation does not come in front of the world. That is they are not becoming influenced like before any more. We can see this by the price level of our garments products in the world market. The quantity we are exporting is huge but at a very low price. In the statistics the impact may be huge but the condition of Bangladesh is not improvingRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of The Industrial Revolution In Bangladesh1073 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of disastrous events in England during the nineteenth century, the event of what the human race knows as the Industrial Revolution was born. Now, two hundred years later, with a repetition occurring in Bangladesh, what will this modern day phenomenon be known as? Similar to the English in the past, as the Bangladeshi economy continually develops, the living conditions of its workers are substantially depreciating. Because of the extremely low minimum wages, the needs and strugglesRead MoreCredit Risk In Bangladesh Bank881 Words   |  4 Pagesreserves to offset these big loans. Industry experts say long delays in repayments have created this situation. The Bangladesh Bank’s Financial Stability Division compiled a report after collecting data from 56 banks up till December 2016. The increased focuses on big lenders as the primary cause of the current situation. The Bangladesh Bank is currently leading an investigation into the situation. Up till December 2016, 74% of all banks’ capital reserves had been used to offset loan defaults. TheRead MoreRatio Analysis of Power Grid Bd1673 Words   |  7 Pages2007 | 2006 | Current Ratio | 4.11 | 3.65 | 2.95 | Quick Ratio | 3.92 | 3.44 | 2.73 | NWC to Asset Ratio | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.13 | Cash Ratio | 3.23 | 2.70 | 2.03 | NWC to Sales Ratio | 1.71 | 1.43 | 1.04 | NWC($) | 9215702577.00 | 7220848206.00 | 5205523576.00 | Average Daily Cash Expenses | 7537175.82 | 7160555.21 | 6768509.99 | Interval Measure(in days) | 1270.94 | 1029.86 | 798.11 | Interpretation: * According to current ratio from year 2006 to 2008, the current asset of the

America s War On Drugs Essay - 1299 Words

According to John Ehrlichman, who served time in prison for his connection in the Watergate scandal, the Drug War was â€Å"intended to disempower the anti-war and black rights movements in the 1970s.† It’s no secret that drug use in the United States has been a problem. Many Americans have struggled with addiction to some of the worse drugs. Many lives have been affected in some of the most terrible ways. It can be easily said that due to America’s history with drugs that former president Richard Nixon noticed the problem and felt there was something that needed to be done. In 1969, the president had established an action which became known as the ‘War on drugs’. He proclaimed, â€Å"America’s public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive (Sharp, 1994, p.1).† Nixon fought drug abuse on both the supply and demand fronts. Nixonâ €™s drug policies reflect both the control view and disease view of addiction. The main objective was to minimize the use and selling of illegal narcotics. Many people believe that the War on drugs has been a failure for the criminal justice system. As a result of this people have came to the theory that if the government would legalize drugs and control it, that it would serve as a better solution to the drugs and violence they bring. Nixon initiated the first significant federal funding of treatment programs. In â€Å"1971, the government funded the thenShow MoreRelatedAmerica s War On Drugs1306 Words   |  6 Pagesas eugenics. One of the primary focuses of America s War on Drugs has always been the controversial drug Marijuana. In the early twentieth century, Henry Anslinger became the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics where he remained between 1930-62. Anslinger’s campaign was driven primarily by racism. He convinced the public to believe Blacks were negative influences in society and negatively associated African Americans with the drug. Anslinger made heavily racist remarks such asRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe â€Å"War on Drugs† has been a hot topic for several decades in the United States. The argument for the success of this campaign usually varies depending on one’s political affiliation. The government handled the ongoing campaign differently with each new administration taking command, most of them having no little success. The fact of the matter is that the ideal of a â€Å"drug free civilization† is far from reality . The world is coming to terms that the various drug-fighting programs across the worldRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2885 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: AMERICA’S WAR ON DRUGS 1 America’s War on Drugs: A Battle against Drugs or a display of Racial Intolerance? Sharon Curry-Robinson, Duval County Court Bailiff Florida Gulf Coast University â€Æ' America’s War on Drugs 3 Abstract It was surprising to learn that, while the United States makes up just five percent of the world population, over twenty-five percent of the world’s detainees are from the United States. Yes, at a projected figure of moreRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs3748 Words   |  15 PagesThe term â€Å"War on drugs† was first announced when President Richard Nixon created a volume of programs intended to suppress the consumption of certain recreational drugs in 1972. It marked the beginning for the era of mandatory minimum sentencing, privatized prisons, racism, and constituency that profits as a result of the illegal drugs. The â€Å"Just Say No† and the D.A.R.E. campaign were created to help youths from starting to use drugs but they were not effective. Treatment programs have directed theirRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs2355 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the primary focuses of America s War on Drugs is the controversial drug Marijuana. Marijuana remains the most widely used illegal drug and stirs up constant debate everywhere. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime from the World Drug Report 2004 an estimation of about 4 percent of the world’s adult population (162 million) consume marijuana annually (156). For thousands of years human beings have attempted to find ways to get passed the struggles of everyday life. WithRead MoreThe War On Drugs And America s Drug Problem1878 Words   |  8 PagesSpitz D Block 5/19/2016 The War on Drugs Based on the success and failures of the drug policies of the past, what is the best strategy for the United States to implement to help America’s drug problem? Throughout time, United States drug policy has shifted dramatically. From all drugs being legal to Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the US has had conflicting ideas about what is best for society and American citizens when it comes to drugs. The current War on Drugs has resulted in countless arrestsRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1539 Words   |  7 Pages On June 17th, 1971, President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse to be â€Å"America’s Public Enemy #1† in a press conference in which he called for an â€Å"all out offensive† against this enemy, an initiative that would later be known as America’s War on Drugs. By giving this speech, thus starting â€Å"The War on Drugs,† President Nixon created what would eventually become one of the most catastrophic failures in United States political history. Analysis of the historical events surrounding Nixon’s declarationRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1754 Words   |  8 Pagesplan was afoot for them: the war on drugs. The war on drugs is unequivocally the biggest and most durable war this country has ever fought against its own citizens. Like any other wars the United-States has engaged in, the war on drugs is remarkably different; it was fought internally, and intended to target a specific group, people of color. Their communities, houses and churches were flooded with law enforcements, constantly checking for illegal possession of drugs. They were branded criminalsRead More Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington?s futile war on drugs in Latin America?3153 Words   |  13 PagesBook review: â€Å"Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s futile war on drugs in Latin America† Edited by Ted Galen Carpenter Overview Introductionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Read MoreThe Impacts of the War on Drugs1075 Words   |  4 Pages The War On Drugs has lasted many years, including before it was officially called â€Å"War On Drugs.† The prohibition of drugs first got its start in the late 1800’s with anti-opium laws, focusing on chinese immigrants. This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900’s were directed at black men, and the

Knowledge Management A Personal Knowledge Network Perspective

Questions: Task 1: Assessing information and knowledge needs Task 2: Stakeholders, Personal networking and Decision-making process Task 3: Communication Processes in an Organisation Task 4: Improving Access to Systems of Information andKnowledge Answers: Task 1 1. To change the scenario that has been going on some radical decisions are to be taken to take care of the patients interests and to care of them from substandard treatment. The patient has to be kept in the frontline of everything and it can be done by adopting the following ways To put emphasis on and commitment to the common values of putting the patients life first of everything else throughout the system. To make the availability of standard healthcare systems and noncompliance to the substandard equipment. To make rigorous policies against the use of substandard equipment. To put forth strong leadership in professional values such as nursing and also provide steady support to the leadership roles. The information should be shared with one and all. It should be easily accessible by anyone who needs it or for performance comparison by any individual, service company or institution. Ensure that research is being undertaken by the organization is patient centered and not for monetary purpose. The outcome of the research should also be of importance to the patient. They should not be doing any personal favor to any patient by picking them for research but every patient should have the right to be involved in a research (Walshe, 2010). 2. The NHS is a very diverse organization and they have to find out the sources and information to decide the steps to be taken to implement the strategies of the institution to avert the situations that occurred (Ham, 2013). They can gather cases and then think about mitigation measures by the help of following sources The peer review is one of the important sources from where such cases can be identified. These reviews are made on the basis of concerns and very often they were serious concerns which raises questions of a safe service by the management and hence the information can be gathered from the reviews and acted upon to implement them. The auditors report also do the same work of identifying issues in the management and sending them to the boards for the deficiencies in the organizations risk management techniques. Therefore the reports can be studied and the faults could be figured out and hence mitigation measures can be sorted from the reports. Annual surveys are a great way of finding out the concerns regarding the staff and the patients who are the people involved in the surveys. Hence on studying the surveys the Trust may find out the exact positions the organization is lagging and also the branches which are not performing well, so that change can be brought about in the places required. The Royal college of Surgeons who reported the NHS to be lagging in surgical methods and reported their process as dysfunctional can be a good source of critical review and may point out the problems faced by the surgical department and implementations may be carried out accordingly (Ham, 2012). 3. The sources or the information can be gathered and implemented by the following members much better than any other sources. These people or groups are mentioned below Executive and the non-executive directors are the people responsible for the success of the NHS including the management of risk and compliance with relevant legislation. The audit committee can be a good source of maintenance of the risk management system. The internal auditors work with the audit committee as they have the in depth knowledge of the risks of the management in details. The chief executive is accountable for the maintenance of a good system of control and that supports the organization objective. The executive team is responsible for the review of the corporate risks. All the staff members are responsible for the management of the risks and are the best sources of information regarding the management of the hospital (Ham, 2011). 4. The following recommendations might improve the chances of the procedures of the organization There should be a rule of following the common values of the institution, it should be embedded and effectively communicated in the NHS constitution and should be owned and lived by all members of the organization. The patients must be the first priority of whatever is carried out by the NHS within the available resources, they must receive effective care, the staffs must be compassionate to the patients, the staffs must be committed and work with a common culture and the patients should be protected from any harm and receive utmost care. The constitution should comply with all codes of conduct and rules and regulation for the staff to comply with and obey them respectively. Everyones duty should be to comply with the given standards mentioned in the constitution (Ham, 2011). Task 2 1. The most important stakeholders who have high power and interest in the activities of the NHS are Commissioners HCC providers Staff side Local full time officers Special representatives Links HC employees East of England SHA Public health GPs Board members Monitor Local acute trusts In the next group comes the group B stakeholders who are often difficult to handle. They are generally regional representatives or from the legislative bodies. Most of the time they are inert but can force a huge blow to the organization. Therefore it is necessary to involve them in the objectives of the organization (Ham, 2010). The stakeholders in group C are very actively involved in the working of the organization, though they have very little influence but their contributions to the organization can be valuable. They are voluntary organization, local communities etc. The stakeholders in group D are very less involved and therefore only kept informed but not allowed to take any decisions. 2. The group B stakeholders should be involved in because they have strong links at AD level with CSF, they have strong board engagement, links the board and the director in place, puts the joint negotiating committee in place, they have excellent links at director and operation level with local acute trusts (Ham, 2006). The group B stakeholders are also approachable because they have good relation with health scrutiny committee, the interim head of communications get positive relationships with local media by showing positive news stories, develop strong local user groups and also develops a positive CQC relation. The group C stakeholders can be kept well informed as they can provide help in the user and patient feedback mechanisms in place, the impatient questionnaires are also kept in place (Dixon, 2005). The group D stakeholders are not needed to be involved. It is just a priority to maintain good social relation with them. 3. The stakeholders in group A i.e. GP Consortia allows in the new development of relations. The strengthening of JNC relations is made by the help of this group. They would help to rebuild a drowning system by maintaining fresh relations. The development of HCC relations with NHS has to be made as fast as possible (Coombes, 2008). The group B has to be given the job of developing relations with the CFT membership and governors, the consultation with CFT, development of the relationship with MPs and to engage as early as possible with Health and Wellbeing board. The group C has to be asked to work closely with the acute trusts to place the services into the community. Develop strategic partnership with the independent sector to secure business (Beecham, 2000). The group D can provide national stage to the organization to develop as a community provider. 4. The stakeholder has to be managed in the first place and then with a clear structure in place the plans can be strategized for the stakeholders. It will be managed as follows There will be a lead director for stakeholder engagement and this director will be responsible for overseeing engagement strategies and evaluate its effectiveness and report to the board. For the stakeholders in the group of key players, each stakeholder will have a director who will be the key link with the organization. The assistant directors are expected to be linked with the PBC group on a monthly basis and form strong relations with the key commissioning groups and develop strategic development strategies (Beecham, 2000). A bi-monthly stakeholder forum will be developed called stakeholder management committee where the directors and assistant directors will provide reports of advances and progress on key issues with key stakeholders. This will allow a key issue to be taken and then decide on it that when it will be implemented to allow the strategies of the organization to be executed as planned. Differential strategies are used to deal with different stakeholders and to plan what relation is to be developed with the stakeholder that is whether it should be concluded or extended (Amine Chatti, 2012). The specific strategies for the stakeholders will be as follows A targeted stakeholder management Executive to executive alignment of partners Operational links managed more actively Management of the proactive partnership Stakeholder events to involve partners and patients and improve relationships Service Development Panels developed to review service proposals. To increase the attendance at partner boards Task 3 1. The current report that is being shown is the report of Gloucestershire Hospitals of NHS foundation trust. All the members of the staff of the hospital has a major role to play in the effective communication and to develop the network of communication internally so that the good news of the foundation is spread all over the media. Communication is not limited to the communication team and is the responsibility of everyone involved in the foundation. Though some tasks are provided by the communications team i.e. leadership technical advice, guidance, and support on all technical issues (Drasgow, 2009). Some of the current responsibilities of the communications team are Brand and reputation management Media relations Internal communications Web and intranet development Campaign management Graphic design Project support for key corporate developments and service change To provide support in case of major accidents or planning Some of the internal communication techniques of the organization are spread across 7000 employees and more than one hospital sites. The present corporate communication plans of the organization are The intranet Outline magazine The monthly staff briefing leaflet send globally across e-mails and connected to the director. Global emails Screensavers Poster, leaflets and other printed materials 100 leaders event The methods of communicating with external media is in the following ways By the help of press releases News events, campaign interviews, photo calls Our websites Production of corporate materials- porters, documents and newsletters (Salmon and Young, 2011). 2. The principles to be followed to maintain appropriateness in the communication team and guide them to provide effective communication are as follows The strategy of the organization would be to justify everything they do to develop the objectives of the organization. The communication of the organization should be transparent i.e. honest and clear The communication is the core business of the organization and everyone has to contribute All communication is target based and specified for a certain group of stakeholders. There has to be continuous improvement in the communication to explore the best strategy to be adopted by the organization. To work hand in hand with other organization to avoid duplication of systems and processes (Yutani, Takahashi and Miyaoka, 2011). 3. The change in policies of the government is occurring every now and then and it is the duty of the NHS to keep developing the management. The reputation of an organization is built through the development of strong and valuable relationship with the key stakeholders, it is not possible by a single team to perform that task. The stakeholders are very important to the organization as they are the ones who develop the reputation by the help of their understanding with the staff as well as the external influences such as the media. The staff of though can be as good as the hospital gets but the external influences are much more difficult to manage. The speed with which external influence is developing it can build or destroy the reputation of an institution in seconds, therefore it is important to tread carefully. The staff morale has to be maintained constantly as the good staff morale influences more recruitment to the institution as well as retainment (Drasgow, 2009). Therefore the following improvements can be brought about in the organization To work with the patient experience team to gather information about the status of the reputation of the company, other informal influences such as the focus groups can also provide with such information. Produce monthly reputation report and pass it down to the executive team. Promote the value of relate and reputational capital among the staff so that material support can be gathered to make further improvements to the communication line. To review the internal and external branding to follow the best approach. To monitor and evaluate the media activity so that the reputation level can be assessed and build the communication channels accordingly. Develop a brand Centre to facilitate the use of branding to educate and empower others. 4. The best ways of developing ones personal overall communication skills is by developing 1. Basic listening skills- it is one of the most important skills one has to adopt to so that you can develop good communication skills. It is believed that one can retain only 50% of what they can hear, so if a person is in between a conversation he might have heard only half of what has being said and therefore chances of miscommunication occurs. The barriers to being a good listener are ways to pay undivided attention, to understand what one is listening to and what ones response should be. Resources of developing good listening skills are to be honest and open in the responses one shows to a particular discussion. One should also be respectful and thorough with the speaker. To ask questions to clarify if something was not understandable. One should never interrupt a speaker as it means that one is limiting their own chances of understanding the topic. The use of non-verbal signs is a sign of a good listener. Time scale of the development of skill depends on the user that whether he follows all the techniques and overcomes the barrier, if practiced wisely it can be possible in a day (Keir and Wilkinson, 2013). 2. Effective written communication- in todays times of email and text messages people would just send out a short email or text rather than call and talk. It is a very fast and efficient process and also leaves a document trail for work records. Written communication is the best way of communication yet very few people know how to and when to write and therefore this skill has to be developed (Salmon and Young, 2011). The barriers of a written communication is the complexity of the topic, more complex topics are better be verbally solved rather than written. Lengthy discussions should not be communicated through email. The important thing is to get the meaning of the conversation across. The resources of written communication is first and foremost to understand the subject of communication, it is also important to know the person one is writing to and the last but the important resource is organizing the writing properly. Time scale is quite long as it is a skill one has to develop (Yutani, Takahashi and Miyaoka, 2011). Task 4 1. Knowledge Management Systems are technologies that support knowledge management in any institution. It involves the generation of knowledge, the processing and coding of the knowledge so that it can be saved from data theft and then the distribution of the knowledge systematically. The aim of this report is to develop a knowledge management system for a college where the intellectual output of the organization can be preserved well using technology and can be explicitly accessed by individuals for the explicit knowledge but the tacit knowledge will be available for everyone for the development of the individuals (Freeze and Kulkarni, 2007). This knowledge can be useful to students as self-motivator, self-knowledge manager, team building, and innovator and solve problems. Knowledge is generated in all institutions, organizations, research Centres etc. and stored in form of books, projects, papers, dissertations, thesis etc. in education system many knowledge are developed locally a nd known as grey literature remains in the shadow of other books. The work of the knowledge management would be to make these literatures available for discussion. Knowledge management can transform organizational new levels of effectiveness, efficiency and scope of operation, by the use of advanced technology (Corrigendum, 2014). 2. Knowledge management helps the educational institutions to improve their capacity of gathering and sharing information and knowledge and the application of these knowledge to solve problems and support the research to continue the work. The knowledge management satisfies the needs of the employees in management level as well as the students in order to increase the quality of management as well as the enhancement of quality of lectures to the students (Bhatt, 2002). The following changes can be implemented in the current knowledge management of the institution (Hall, 2006) To mobilize the hidden implicit or tacit knowledge. To integrate knowledge from the institution and make it accessible to all. Identification of the missing knowledge The creation of new knowledge system Make the knowledge database more accessible Create a culture where knowledge is shared among all and experimentation techniques are applied to it. Codify and protect the new knowledge (Van Beveren, 2002). 3. The following implementations should be brought about in the educational system in general Ensure the governance, academic and examination reforms to be brought about and to establish linkages between school education, higher education and the job market. Expand the institutional base to accommodate more students and increase the capacity by the help of up gradation of knowledge management system to accommodate the extra occupants. Create an appropriate sharing model of the knowledge management system so that it can be shared not only among the students of the respective establishments but also among other institutions. Integrate the skill development processes of the institution by availing information from the knowledge management system to understand the current trends in corporate sectors. It will also promote a healthy competition among the institutions to keep contributing to the knowledge management systems to gain recognition (Amine Chatti, 2012). References Amine Chatti, M. (2012). Knowledge management: a personal knowledge network perspective.Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), pp.829-844. Beecham, L. (2000). NHS cancels record number of operations in England.BMJ, 320(7235), pp.599-599. Beecham, L. (2000). Tony Blair launches radical NHS plan for England.BMJ, 321(7257), pp.317-317. Bhatt, G. (2002). Management strategies for individual knowledge and organizational knowledge. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), pp.31-39. Coombes, R. (2008). One in four NHS trusts in England fail hygiene standards.BMJ, 336(7658), pp.1393-1393. Corrigendum. (2014).Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(1). Dixon, J. (2005). Reforming the NHS in England.BMJ, 331(7520), pp.852-852. Drasgow, E. (2009). Teaching package increases conversational skills, play skills, emotional skills, and friendship skills of three young children with autism.Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 3(3), pp.165-167. Freeze, R. and Kulkarni, U. (2007). Knowledge management capability: defining knowledge assets. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(6), pp.94-109. Hall, M. (2006). Knowledge management and the limits of knowledge codification.Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(3), pp.117-126. Ham, C. (2006). Reforms to NHS commissioning in England.BMJ, 333(7561), pp.211-212. Ham, C. (2010). The coalition government's plans for the NHS in England.BMJ, 341(jul14 2), pp.c3790-c3790. Ham, C. (2011). Competition in the NHS in England.BMJ, 342(feb14 2), pp.d1035-d1035. Ham, C. (2011). The NHS in England in 2012.BMJ, 343(dec21 1), pp.d8259-d8259. Ham, C. (2012). The NHS in England in 2013.BMJ, 346(jan02 1), pp.e8634-e8634. Ham, C. (2013). Regulating the NHS market in England.BMJ, 346(mar11 3), pp.f1608-f1608. Keir, A. and Wilkinson, D. (2013). Communication skills training in pediatrics.J Pediatric Child Health, 49(8), pp.624-628. Salmon, P. and Young, B. (2011). Creativity in clinical communication: from communication skills to skilled communication.Medical Education, 45(3), pp.217-226. Van Beveren, J. (2002). A model of knowledge acquisition that refocuses knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), pp.18-22. Walshe, K. (2010). Reorganization of the NHS in England.BMJ, 341(jul16 1), pp.c3843-c3843. Yutani, M., Takahashi, M. and Miyaoka, H. (2011). Changes in communication skills of clinical residents through psychiatric training.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65(6), pp.561-566.

301 Moved Permanently

301 Moved Permanently